Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

The compounds of carbon except its oxides, carbonates and hydrogen carbonate salts, are known as organic compounds. These compounds were initially extracted from natural substances.

Hydrocarbons

The organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

The hydrocarbons can be classified as

• Saturated hydrocarbons
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbons

The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes.

The general formula of these compounds is C_nH_{2n + 2}

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Those carbon compounds in which at least one double or triple bond is present are called unsaturated compounds.

Unsaturated compounds are further divided into following two classes

• Alkenes (C_nH_2n)
• Alkynes (C_nH_{2n – 2})

Alkenes

Those carbon compounds which have at least one double bond along with single bonds are called alkenes.

General formula of these compounds is C_nH_2n.

Alkynes

Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds along with the single bonds are called alkynes.

General formula of these compounds is C_nH_{2n – 2}.

How to Draw the Structure of Saturated and Unsaturated Compound?

To draw the structure of carbon compound

Step I:- First connect all the carbon atoms by a single bond.

Step II:- After that satisfy the tetravalency of carbon with available hydrogen atom.

Step III:- If number of available H atoms are less than what is required, satisfy the remaining valency by using double or triple bond in between C atoms.

Structure of Ethane (C₂H₆)

Electron dot structure of ethane (C₂H₆)

 

Structure of Propane (C₃H₈)

Electron dot structure of propane (C₃H₈)

 

Structure of Ethene (C₂H₄)

To satisfy it, a double bond is used between the two carbon atoms.

Electron dot structure of ethane

 

Structure of Ethyne (C₂H₂)

C ─ C

H ─ C ≡ C ─ H

In ethyne, the two carbon atoms share three pairs of electrons among themselves to form a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Electron dot structure of ethyne (C₂H₂)

How to Draw Structure of Cyclic Compound?

Some carbon structure also exist in cyclic or ring structure.

To draw the structure of cyclic or ring compound

Step I:- First connect the available carbon atoms by a single bond in the cyclic form.

Step II:- Try to satisfy the tetra valency of each carbon with the available hydrogen atoms.

Step III:- Now check the valency of each carbon. If it is found unsatisfied, use double or triple bond to satisfy it.

For example