Moment of inertia of a single particle and rigid body,Radius of gyration,angular momentum
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SINGLE PARTICLE
I = mr2
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RIGID BODY
Theorem on Moment of Inertia
Theorem of Parallel Axis
I = Icm +Mr2
Theorem of Perpendicular Axis
Moment of Inertia is independent of Mass depend on distribution of mass
Moment of inertia of some regular shaped rigid bodies
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Let mass of the rigid body = M
Now I = S mr2
Here K is radius of gyration
RMS value of
Case I
A thin disc of mass M and radius R has mass per unit area where r is the distance from its center. Its moment of inertia about an axis going through its center of mass and perpendicular to its plane is
Given, surface mass density,
So, mass of the disc can be calculated by considering small element
of area 2prdr on it and then integration it for complete disc, i.e.
….(i)
Moment of inertia about the axis of the disc,
Case II
Two identical spherical balls of mass M and radius R each are suck on two ends of a rod of length 2R and mass M (see figure). The moment of inertia of the system about the axis passing perpendicularly through the center of the rod is Key idea This problem will be solved by applying parallel axis theorem, which states that moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis is equals to its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its center of mass plus the product of the mass of the body the square of the perpendicular distance between the axis.
We know that moment of inertia (MI) about the principle axis of the sphere is given by
Using parallel axis theorem, moment of inertia about the given axis
Considering both sphere at equal distance form the axis, moment of inertia due to both sphere about this axis will be
Now, moment of inertia of rod about its perpendicular bisector axis is given by
Here, given that
L = 2R
So, total moment of inertia of the system is
Case III
Seven identical circular planner discs, each of mass M and radius R are welded symmetrically The moment of inertia of the arrangement about an axis normal to the plane and passing through the point P is
From theorem of parallel axis,
Case IV Cavity
Form a uniform circular disc of radius R and 9M, a small disc of radius is removed The moment of inertia of the remaining disc about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing through center of disc is
Case V
The moment of inertia of a uniform cylinder of length l and radius R about its perpendicular bisector is I. what is the ratio l/R such that the moment of inertia is minimum?
MI of a solid cylinder about its perpendicular bisector of length is
For I to be minimum,
Case:- Moment of Inertia
Rod → mass = m, Length = L
Disc → mass = m, Radius = R
Multiple rods
Each rod of mass m and length L
Torque of Force about the Axis of Rotation
Case 1
A cylinder uniform rod of mass M and length l is pivoted at one end so that it can rotate in a vertical plane (see the figure). There is negligible friction at the pivot. The free end is held vertically above the pivot and then released. The angular acceleration of the rod when it makes an angle q with the vertical, is
As the rod rotates in vertical plane so a torque is acting on it, which is due to the vertical component of weight of rod.
Now, Torque t = force x perpendicular distance of line of action of force from axis of rotation
Again, Torque, t = Ia
Where, I = moment of inertia =
[forced and Torque frequency along axis of rotation
passing through in end]
a = angular acceleration
A boy is pushing a ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m with a stick as shown in the figure. The stick as shown in the figure of 2N on the ring rolls it without slipping with an acceleration of 0.3 m/s2. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the ring is large enough that rolling always occurs and the coefficient of friction between the stick and the rings is .
There is no slipping between ring and ground. Hence f2 is not maximum. But there is slipping between ring and stick. Therefore f1 is maximum. Now let us write the equations
Solving above four equations we get,
Angular momentum
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
(ii) Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotation about a Fixed Axis
Uniform Pure Rolling
vp = vQ
v - Rw = 0
v = Rw
If vp > vQ or v > Rw, the motion is said to be forward slipping and if vp < vQ or v < Rw, the motion is said the backward slipping
Accelerated Pure Rolling
v = Rw
at = Ra
Rolling on Rough Incline plane
Isolid < Ihollow or asolid > ahollow
tsolid < thollow
Case
A block of mass m and a cylinder of mass 2m are released on a rough inclined plane, inclined at an angle with the horizontal. The coefficient of friction for all the contact surface is 0.5 find the accelerations of the block and the cylinder.
Assume pure rolling.
If the block and cylinder move independently on the incline, their acceleration are
So, both the bodies will move in contact
with each other with common acceleration a which we have to calculate.
Free body diagram of block is as shown.
…..(i)
….(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
The free body diagram of cylinder is as shown.
And
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
Using this in Eq. (iii), we get
Case:- Ladder → mass = m, Length = L
For equilibrium
f – N = 0
N1 – mg = 0
Torque about C. M. of Ladder
Substitute value of N1 and f
Case:- Topping and Sliding
For translational equilibrium
For rotational equilibrium
block has a tendency to slide before topple
block has a tendency to topple before slide
block slides down
block topples
Straight line motion, Fixed axis rotation
Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis
A uniform flat disc of mass M and radius R rotates about a horizontal axis through its center with angular speed
What is its angular momentum?
A chip of mass m breaks of the disc at an instant such that the chip rises vertically above the point at which it breaks off. What is the maximum height the chip rises to from the location of its breaking? (no impulses internal force acts on the chip)
In the process, the mechanical energy of the chip remains constant.
What are the final angular momentum and energy of the disc?
EXTRA POINTS TO REMEMBER
In case of pure rolling on a stationary horizontal ground (when v = Rw), following points are important to note:
Distance moved by the center of mass of the rigid body in one full rotation is 2pR.
This is because
In forward slipping s > 2pR
And in backward slipping s > 2pR
The speed of a point on the circumference of the body at the instant shown in figure is .
This can be shown as:
From the above expression we can see that:
The path of a point on circumference is a cycloid and the distance moved by this point in one full rotation is 8R.
In the figure, the dotted line is a cycloid and the distance A1A2…..A5 is 8R. this can be proved
Speed of point A at this moment is,
Distance moved by it is in time dt is,
Therefore, total distance moved in one full rotation is,
On integration we get, s = 8R.
Here, KR stands for rotational kinetic energy for translation kinetic energy
For example, for a disc
Case 3
A frame of the reference that is accelerated with respect to an inertial frame of reference is called a non –inertial frame of reference. A coordinate system fixed on a circular disc rotating about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity w is an example of a non –inertial frame of reference. The relationship between the force Frot experienced by a particle of mass m moving on the rotating disc and the force Fin experienced by a particle of mass m moving on the rotating disc and the force Fin experienced by the particle in an inertial frame of reference is, , where, vrot is the velocity in the rotating frame of reference and r is the position vector of the particle with respect to the center of the disc.
Now, consider a smooth slot along a diameter of a disc of radius R rotating counter –clockwise with a constant angular speed w about its vertical axis through its center. We assign a coordinate system with the origin at the center of the disc, the X –axis along the slot, the Y –axis perpendicular to the slot and the z –axis along the rotation axis (w = wk). A small block of mass m is gently placed in the slot at and is constrained to move only along the slot.
Force on block slot
The net reaction of the disc on the block is
Also, reaction is due to disc surface then
Case 4
A thin uniform bar lies on a frictionless horizontal surface and is free to move in any way on the surface. Its mass is 0.16 kg and length is m. Two particles, each of mass 0.08 kg are moving on the same surface and towards the bar, one with a velocity 10 ms-1 and the other with 6 ms-1 as shown in the figure. The first particle strikers the bar at point A and the other at point B. Each of A and B is at a distance of 0.5 m from the center of the bar. The particle strike the bar at the same instant of time and stick to the bar after collision.
The velocity of center of mass of the system just after impact (in ms-1) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Let v be the center of mass is at rest all the times, because of conversation of linear momentum. So, linear velocity of the system must be zero.
From law of conversation of linear momentum.
V = 4 ms-1
The angular velocity of the system just after impact (in rad/s) is
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
AC = BC = 0.5 m
From conversation of angular momentum about C
(0.08)(10)(0.5)-(0.08)(6) (0.5)
Where,
Using this in the equation above, we get ω
Case 5
A light ring with three rods, each of mass m is welded on this ring. The rods form an equilateral triangle. The rigid assembly is released on a rough fixed inclined plane. Determine the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction that will allow pure rolling of the assembly.
….(i)
……(ii)
….(iii)
For no slipping …..(iv)
The moment of inertia of the assembly about its center of mass is
Now, on solving Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) simultaneously, we obtain
If µ is the coefficient of fricti on at the contact surface, then