Moment of inertia of a single particle and rigid body,Radius of gyration,angular momentum

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SINGLE PARTICLE

I = mr2                  

 

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RIGID BODY

 

Theorem on Moment of Inertia

Theorem of Parallel Axis

I = Icm +Mr2

Theorem of Perpendicular Axis

Moment of Inertia is independent of Mass depend on distribution of mass

Moment of inertia of some regular shaped rigid bodies

 

 

 

RADIUS OF GYRATION

Let mass of the rigid body = M                    

Now  I = S mr2

 

 

 

 

Here K is radius of gyration

RMS value of

Case I

A thin disc of mass M and radius R has mass per unit area  where r is the distance from its center. Its moment of inertia about an axis going through its center of mass and perpendicular to its plane is    

Given, surface mass density,  

So, mass of the disc can be calculated by considering small element

of area 2prdr on it and then integration it for complete disc, i.e.

 

 

 

                                    ….(i)

Moment of inertia about the axis of the disc,

 

 

 

Case II

Two identical spherical balls of mass M and radius R each are suck on two ends of a rod of length 2R and mass M (see figure). The moment of inertia of the system about the axis passing perpendicularly through the center of the rod is Key idea This problem will be solved by applying parallel axis theorem, which states that moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis is equals to its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its center of mass plus the product of the mass of the body the square of the perpendicular distance between the axis.

We know that moment of inertia (MI) about the principle axis of the sphere is given by

 

Using parallel axis theorem, moment of inertia about the given axis

 

 

Considering both sphere at equal distance form the axis, moment of inertia due to both sphere about this axis will be

 

Now, moment of inertia of rod about its perpendicular bisector axis is given by

 

Here, given that

L = 2R

 

So, total moment of inertia of the system is

 

 

Case III

Seven identical circular planner discs, each of mass M and radius R are welded symmetrically The moment of inertia of the arrangement about an axis normal to the plane and passing through the point P is                                                          

From theorem of parallel axis,

 

 

Case IV Cavity

Form a uniform circular disc of radius R and 9M, a small disc of radius  is removed The moment of inertia of the remaining disc about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing through center of disc is

 

Case V

The moment of inertia of a uniform cylinder of length l and radius R about its perpendicular bisector is I. what is the ratio l/R such that the moment of inertia is minimum?

MI of a solid cylinder about its perpendicular bisector of length is

 

                                       

For I to be minimum,

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

Case:- Moment of Inertia

Rod → mass = m, Length = L

Disc → mass = m, Radius = R

Multiple rods

Each rod of mass m and length L

 

  

          

  

 

Torque of Force about the Axis of Rotation

 

 

 

 

 

 

Case 1

A cylinder uniform rod of mass M and length l is pivoted at one end so that it can rotate in a vertical plane (see the figure). There is negligible friction at the pivot. The free end is held vertically above the pivot and then released. The angular acceleration of the rod when it makes an angle q with the vertical, is

As the rod rotates in vertical plane so a torque is acting on it, which is due to the vertical component of weight of rod.

Now, Torque t = force x perpendicular distance of line of action of force from axis of rotation

 

Again, Torque, t = Ia

Where, I = moment of inertia =  

[forced and Torque frequency along axis of rotation

passing through in end]

a = angular acceleration

               

A boy is pushing a ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m with a stick as shown in the figure. The stick as shown in the figure of 2N on the ring rolls it without slipping with an acceleration of 0.3 m/s2. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the ring is large enough that rolling always occurs and the coefficient of friction between the stick and the rings is .

There is no slipping between ring and ground. Hence f2 is not maximum. But there is slipping between ring and stick. Therefore f1 is maximum. Now let us write the equations

 

 

 

 

 

Solving above four equations we get,

Angular momentum

ANGULAR MOMENTUM

(ii)  Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotation about a Fixed Axis

Uniform Pure Rolling

 vp = vQ

 v - Rw = 0

 v = Rw

If vp > vQ or v > Rw, the motion is said to be forward slipping and if vp < vQ or v < Rw, the motion is said the backward slipping

Accelerated  Pure Rolling

v = Rw

at = Ra

 

 

 

 

Rolling on Rough Incline plane

 

  

  

   

     

Isolid  <  Ihollow  or  asolid  > ahollow

tsolid   <   thollow

   

Case

A block of mass m and a cylinder of mass 2m are released on a rough inclined plane, inclined at an angle  with the horizontal. The coefficient of friction for all the contact surface is 0.5 find the accelerations of the block and the cylinder.

Assume pure rolling.

If the block and cylinder move independently on the incline, their acceleration are

 

 

 

 

 So, both the bodies will move in contact

with each other with common acceleration a which we have to calculate.

Free body diagram of block is as shown.

 

 

                          …..(i)

 

                                   ….(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

 

The free body diagram of cylinder is as shown.

 

 

And  

 

From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get

 

Using this in Eq. (iii), we get

Case:- Ladder → mass = m, Length = L

For equilibrium

fN = 0

N1mg = 0

Torque about C. M. of Ladder

    

Substitute value of N1 and f

 

 

Case:- Topping and Sliding

For translational equilibrium

  

 

For rotational equilibrium

  

  

 

 block has a tendency to slide before topple  

 block has a tendency to topple before slide 

 block slides down 

 block topples

Straight line motion, Fixed axis rotation

Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis

 

 

  

 

A uniform flat disc of mass M and radius R rotates about a horizontal axis through its center with angular speed  

What is its angular momentum?

                                                    

                                                

 

A chip of mass m breaks of the disc at an instant such that the chip rises vertically above the point at which it breaks off. What is the maximum height the chip rises to from the location of its breaking? (no impulses internal force acts on the chip)

                                                          

                                                            

In the process, the mechanical energy of the chip remains constant.

 

What are the final angular momentum and energy of the disc?

                         

             

 

 

 

EXTRA POINTS TO REMEMBER

In case of pure rolling on a stationary horizontal ground (when v = Rw), following points are important to note:

Distance moved by the center of mass of the rigid body in one full rotation is 2pR.

This is because  

In forward slipping  s > 2pR

And in backward slipping      s > 2p

The speed of a point on the circumference of the body at the instant shown in figure is .  

 

This can be shown as:

 

From the above expression we can see that:

 

 

 

The path of a point on circumference is a cycloid and the distance moved by this point in one full rotation is 8R.

In the figure, the dotted line is a cycloid and the distance A1A2…..A5 is 8R. this can be proved    

Speed of point A at this moment is,     

Distance moved by it is in time dt is,           

Therefore, total distance moved in one full rotation is,

 

On integration we get, s = 8R. 

 

 

 

 

Here, KR stands for rotational kinetic energy  for translation kinetic energy  

For example, for a disc

 

 

 

Case 3

A frame of the reference that is accelerated with respect to an inertial frame of reference is called a non –inertial frame of reference. A coordinate system fixed on a circular disc rotating about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity w is an example of a non –inertial frame of reference. The relationship between the force Frot experienced by a particle of mass m moving on the rotating disc and the force Fin experienced by a particle of mass m moving on the rotating disc and the force Fin experienced by the particle in an inertial frame of reference is,  , where, vrot is the velocity in the rotating frame of reference and r is the position vector of the particle with respect to the center of the disc.

Now, consider a smooth slot along a diameter of a disc of radius R rotating counter –clockwise with  a constant angular speed w about its vertical axis through its center. We assign a coordinate system with the origin at the center of the disc, the X –axis  along the slot, the Y –axis perpendicular to the slot and the z –axis along the rotation axis (w = wk). A small block of mass m is gently placed in the slot at  and is constrained to move only along the slot.

Force on block slot  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The net reaction of the disc on the block is

                              

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Also, reaction is due to disc surface then

 

Case 4 

A thin uniform bar lies on a frictionless horizontal surface and is free to move in any way on the surface. Its mass is 0.16 kg and length is m. Two particles, each of mass 0.08 kg are moving on the same surface and towards the bar, one with a velocity 10 ms-1 and the other with 6 ms-1 as shown in the figure. The first particle strikers the bar at point A and the other at point B. Each of A and B is at a distance of 0.5 m from the center of the bar. The particle strike the bar at the same instant of time and stick to the bar after collision.

The velocity of center of mass of the system just after impact (in ms-1) is

(a) 1                            (b) 2                            (c) 3                            (d) 4

Let v be the center of mass is at rest all the times, because of conversation of linear momentum. So, linear velocity of the system must be zero.

From law of conversation of linear momentum.

 

V = 4 ms-1

The angular velocity of the system just after impact (in rad/s) is

(a) 8                            (b) 4                            (c) 2                            (d) 1

AC = BC = 0.5 m

From conversation of angular momentum about C

(0.08)(10)(0.5)-(0.08)(6) (0.5)   

Where,     

 

 

Using this in the equation above, we get ω

Case 5

A light ring with three rods, each of mass m is welded on this ring. The rods form an equilateral triangle. The rigid assembly is released on a rough fixed inclined plane. Determine the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction that will allow pure rolling of the assembly.

                                 

                                 

 

                 ….(i)

 

                    ……(ii)

                                                ….(iii)

For no slipping                                   …..(iv)

The moment of inertia of the assembly about its center of mass is

 

Now, on solving Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) simultaneously, we obtain

 

If µ is the coefficient of fricti on at the contact surface, then