Distance and displacement, velocity;

Distance and Displacement

Distance -The actual path or length travelled by the object travelled by the object is called the distance.

It is a scalar quantity.

It is always positive.

It can never be zero or negative.

Displacement – It is the shortest path between initial and final point.

It is a vector quantity.

It can be positive or negative.

It can be zero.

Difference bw distance and displacement

Example 1: A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting its motion from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance and displacement.

Example 2: A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his right and travels another 4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total distance travelled, (ii) total displacement.

Velocity - It is defined as the displacement of the body per unit time.

Velocity = displacement travelled / time taken

SI unit = m/s (meter/second)

Average Velocity - The average velocity of a body is the total displacement travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance.

Average velocity= Total Displacement/Total Time taken

Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2

where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity 

Example 1: During first half of a journey by a body it travel with a speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey.

Example 2 : If Ananya was able to travel 6 km in North in 2 hour in his car. What was her velocity?

Example 3: A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second hour and 30 km in third hour. Calculate the average speed of the train.

uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line

Uniform Motion and Non-uniform Motion

Uniform motion - When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time then the body is said to describe uniform motion.

Non uniform motion - When a body moves unequal distances in equal intervals of time or vice-versa, then the body is said to describe non-uniform motion.

 

acceleration

Acceleration -

Acceleration is seen in non-uniform motion and it can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.

Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t                          

 where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity

If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).

Retardation/Deceleration -

Deceleration is seen in non-uniform motion during decrease in velocity with time. It has same definition as acceleration

 Deceleration (a') = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t

Here, v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).

It is a vector quantity.

SI unit – m/s2 ( meter per second square)

Example 1: A car speed increases from 40 km/hr to 60 km/hr in 5 sec. Calculate the acceleration of car.

Example 2: A car travelling with a speed of 20 km/hr comes into rest in 0.5 hrs. What will be the valu of its retardation?

EXAMPLE 3 : If the velocity of the car reduced to 80 m/s from 120 m/s in 8 seconds on applying breaks . Calculate its acceleration

 

 

distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion

Uniform Acceleration -  If the change in velocity in equal intervals of time is always the same, then the object is said to be moving with uniform acceleration.

 Example: a body falling from a height towards the surface of the earth.

 Non-uniform or Variable Acceleration- If the change in velocity in equal intervals of time is not the same, then the object is said to be moving with variable acceleration.

Example - A ball thrown vertically upwards is moving with a negative acceleration as the velocity decreases with time.

Graphs for Motion -

 1) Distance-time graphs (s-t graphs)

 a) When the object is stationary or at rest -

The distance time graph for stationary object is the line parallel to time axis.

b) When object is in uniform motion -

The distance time graph for the object moving in uniform motion is the straight line inclined to time axis 

C) When object is in non-uniform motion -

The distance time graph for object moving in non -uniform motion is the curved line. 

Important results of distance time graphs -

1) area under curve of s-t graph = displacement/distance travelled by the object

2) slope of s-t graph = velocity of the object

equations of motion by graphical method

Definition of Equations of Motion

Equations of motion, in physics, are defined as equations that describe the behaviour of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.

There are three equations of motion that can be used to derive components such as displacement(s), velocity (initial and final), time(t) and acceleration(a). The following are the three equation of motion:

First Equation of Motion : v=u+at

Second Equation of Motion : s=ut+1/2 at2

Third Equation of Motion : v2=u2+2as

DERIVATION OF FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION ( V = u+at )

Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”.

Now as we know that,

Acceleration = change in velocity/Time taken Acceleration = Final velocity-Initial velocity / time taken

a = v-u/t

=> at = v-u

or v = u + at

This is the first equation of motion.

DERIVATION OF SECOND EQUATION OF MOTION (S=ut+1/2 at2 )

Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”. Let the distance travelled by the body be “s”.

Now As we know that,

Distance = Average velocity X Time

Also, Average velocity = u+v/2

Distance (s) = ( u+v ) *t/2 …….eq.(1)

Again we know that, v = u + at

By substituting this value of “v” in eq.(1), we get

 Distance(s) = (u+u+at) *t/2

=> s = (2u+at)* t/2

=> s = 2ut/2+at2/2

=>s = ut+ at2/2

or s = ut + 1/2 at2

 This is the second equation of motion.

DERIVATION OF THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION (V2 = u2+2as)

 Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”. Let the distance travelled by body be “s”.

Displacement=(Initial Velocity+Final Velocity)×t/2

Substituting the standard notations, the above equation becomes

s=(u+v)×t/2

From the first equation of motion, we know that

v=u+at

Rearranging the above formula, we get

t=v−u/a

Substituting the value of ‘t’ in the displacement formula, we get

s=(v+u)/2 *(v−u)/a

s=(v2 - u2)/2a

2as= v2 - u2

Rearranging, we get

v2 – u2= 2as

This is the third equation of motion.

 

elementary idea of uniform circular motion.

Introduction To Uniform Circular Motion

We have come across different types of motions in our previous sessions. Rotatory motion, rectilinear motion, oscillatory motion, uniform circular, and periodic motion are some types of motion. Movement of an object while rotating along a circular path is known as circular motion. Circular motion can be either uniform or non-uniform. In this article, let us discuss in brief the uniform circular motion along with examples.

What is Uniform Circular Motion?

The movement of a body following a circular path is called a circular motion. Now, the motion of a body moving with constant speed along a circular path is called Uniform Circular Motion. Here, the speed is constant but the velocity changes.

NOTE -

So if a particle is moving in a uniform circular motion:

Its speed is constant

Velocity is changing at every instant

Uniform Circular Motion Examples

Following are the examples of uniform circular motion:

Motion of artificial satellites around the earth is an example of uniform circular motion. The gravitational force from the earth makes the satellites stay in the circular orbit around the earth.

The motion of electrons around its nucleus.

The motion of blades of the windmills.

The tip of second’s hand of a watch with circular dial shows uniform circular motion.

Formula for velocity in UCM -

V=2πR/T

where R is radius of circle, T is time taken

 

FRAME OF REFERENCE

Rest & Motion Relative terms?

 Frame of Reference - A frame of reference is another object or scene with respect to which we compare an object's position.

Objects changing positions with time with respect to the frame of reference are in motion while those which do not change position are at rest.

For example – A passenger sitting on a moving bus is at rest with respect to his co-passenger but at the same time, he is moving with the bus with respect to a person standing outside.

INTRODUCTION

Introduction –

•  In the physical world, one of the most common phenomena is motion.

•  The branch of Physics, which deals with the behavior of moving objects, is known as mechanics.

• Mechanics is further divided into two sections namely Kinematics and Dynamics.

• Kinematics deals with the study of motion without taking into account the cause of motion.

• Dynamics is concerned with the cause of motion, namely force.

Motion and Rest -

• An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.

• An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.

distance and displacement

Distance and Displacement

Distance -The actual path or length travelled by the object travelled by the object is called the distance.

  • It is a scalar quantity.
  • It is always positive.
  • It can never be zero or negative.

 

Displacement – It is the shortest path between initial and final point.

  • It is a vector quantity.
  • It can be positive or negative.
  • It can be zero.

 

Difference b\w distance and displacement

 

 

• Example 1: A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting its motion from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance and displacement.

 

• Example 2: A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his right and travels another 4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total distance travelled, (ii) total displacement.

 

Speed

Speed -

The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is called speed.

Speed (v) = Distance Travelled/Time Taken = s/t

SI unit = m/s (meter/second)

Average Speed - The average speed of a body is the total distance travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance.

Average speed= Total Distance travelled / Total Time taken

EXAMPLE 1 - You walk 60 m at a speed of 3m/s and then run 140m at a speed of 7m/s along a straight track. Find the average speed?

EXAMPLE 2 - What will be the speed of body in m/s and km/hr if it travels 40 kms in 5 hrs ?

 

 

1. Introduction

Introduction –

  In the physical world, one of the most common phenomena is motion.

•  The branch of Physics, which deals with the behavior of moving objects, is known as mechanics.

• Mechanics is further divided into two sections namely Kinematics and Dynamics.

• Kinematics deals with the study of motion without taking into account the cause of motion.

• Dynamics is concerned with the cause of motion, namely force.

Motion and Rest

• An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.

• An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.

Rest & Motion Relative terms?

2. Scalar and Vector Physical Quantities

Frame of Reference - A frame of reference is another object or scene with respect to which we compare an object's position.

Objects changing positions with time with respect to the frame of reference are in motion while those which do not change position are at rest.

For example – A passenger sitting on a moving bus is at rest with respect to his co-passenger but at the same time, he is moving with the bus with respect to a person standing outside.

3. Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion

Types of Motion

There are three types of motion:

• Translatory motion

• Rotatory motion

• Vibratory motion

Translatory Motion

• In translatory motion the particle moves from one point in space to another. This motion may be along a straight line or along a curved path.

• Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion.

• Motion along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.

• Example: A car moving on a straight road

Curvilinear Motion

Rotatory Motion - In rotatory motion, the particles of the body describe concentric circles about the axis of motion. Rotatory Motion

Vibratory Motion - In vibratory motion the particles move to and fro about a fixed point.

4. Derivation of Equation of Motion - Graphically,Circular Motion

Physical Quantity The term in which results of physics can be expressed and measured.

Scalar quantity - It is the physical quantity having own magnitude but no direction.

For Example: distance, speed.

Vector quantity - It is the physical quantity that requires both magnitude and direction.

For Example: displacement, velocity.

5. Equation Of Motion By Graphical Method

Distance and Displacement

Distance -The actual path or length travelled by the object travelled by the object is called the distance.

  • It is a scalar quantity.
  • It is always positive.
  • It can never be zero or negative.

Displacement It is the shortest path between initial and final point.

  • It is a vector quantity.
  • It can be positive or negative.
  • It can be zero.

Difference b\w distance and displacement

  • Example 1: A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting its motion from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance and displacement.             
  • Example 2: A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his right and travels another 4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total distance travelled, (ii) total displacement.

UNIFORM MOTION AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION

Uniform Motion and Non-uniform Motion

  •  Uniform motion - When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time then the body is said to describe uniform motion.
  • Non uniform motion - When a body moves unequal distances in equal intervals of time or vice-versa, then the body is said to describe non-uniform motion.

NON UNIFORM MOTION

 Non uniform motion - When a body moves unequal distances in equal intervals of time or vice-versa, then the body is said to describe non-uniform motion.

 

SPEED AND AVERAGE SPEED

Speed - The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is called speed.
• Speed (v) = Distance Travelled/Time Taken = s/t 
• SI unit = m/s (meter/second) 

Average Speed - The average speed of a body is the total distance travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance. 

  • Average speed= Total Distance travelled / Total Time taken 
  • EXAMPLE 1 - You walk 60 m at a speed of 3m/s and then run 140m at a speed of 7m/s along a straight track. Find the average speed?
  • EXAMPLE 2 - What will be the speed of body in m/s and km/hr if it travels 40 kms in 5 hrs ?

AVERAGE SPEED

Average Speed - The average speed of a body is the total distance travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance. 

  • Average speed= Total Distance travelled / Total Time taken 
  • EXAMPLE 1 - You walk 60 m at a speed of 3m/s and then run 140m at a speed of 7m/s along a straight track. Find the average speed?
  • EXAMPLE 2 - What will be the speed of body in m/s and km/hr if it travels 40 kms in 5 hrs ?
     

      

VELOCITY AND AVERAGE VELOCITY

Velocity -  It is defined as the displacement of the body per unit time.

Velocity = displacement travelled / time taken
SI unit = m/s (meter/second)

Average Velocity - The average velocity of a body is the total displacement travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance. 
 Average velocity= Total Displacement/Total Time taken 
Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2 
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity  

Example 1: During first half of a journey by a body it travel with a speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey.

Example 2 : If Ananya was able to travel 6 km in North in 2 hour in his car. What was her velocity?

Example 3: A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second hour and 30 km in third hour. Calculat the average speed of the train.

 

AVERAGE VELOCITY

Average Velocity - The average velocity of a body is the total displacement travelled by the total time taken to cover this distance. 
 Average velocity= Total Displacement/Total Time taken 
Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2 
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity  

Example 1: During first half of a journey by a body it travel with a speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey.

Example 2 : If Ananya was able to travel 6 km in North in 2 hour in his car. What was her velocity?

Example 3: A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second hour and 30 km in third hour. Calculat the average speed of the train.

ACCELERATION/ RETARDATION

Acceleration - Acceleration is seen in non-uniform motion and it can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with time. 

  • Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t                  

    where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity 

  •  If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve). 

Retardation/Deceleration - Deceleration is seen in non-uniform motion during decrease in velocity with time. It has same definition as acceleration

  • Deceleration (a') = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t 
  • Here, v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve). 
  • It is a vector quantity.
  • SI unit – m/s2 ( meter per second square)

Example 1: A car speed increases from 40 km/hr to 60 km/hr in 5 sec. Calculate the acceleration of car.

Example 2: A car travelling with a speed of 20 km/hr comes into rest in 0.5 hrs. What will be the valu of its retardation?

EXAMPLE 3 : If the velocity of the car reduced to 80 m/s from 120 m/s in 8 seconds on applying breaks . Calculate its acceleration.

6. Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Acceleration -  If the change in velocity in equal intervals of time is always the same, then the object is said to be moving with uniform acceleration.

Example: a body falling from a height towards the surface of the earth.

Non-uniform or Variable Acceleration- If the change in velocity in equal intervals of time is not the same, then the object is said to be moving with variable acceleration.

Example - A ball thrown vertically upwards is moving with a negative acceleration as the velocity decreases with time.

GRAPHS OF MOTION

Graphs for Motion -

1) Distance-time graphs (s-t graphs)

a) When the object is stationary or at rest -

The distance time graph for stationary object is the line parallel to time axis.

b) When object is in uniform motion -

The distance time graph for the object moving in uniform motion is the straight line inclined to time axis.

C) When object is in non-uniform motion -

The distance time graph for object moving in non -uniform motion is the curved line.

Important results of distance time graphs -

1) area under curve of s-t graph = displacement/distance travelled by the object

2) slope of s-t graph = velocity of the object

Velocity time graphs (v-t graphs)

a) When object is moving with constant speed -

The velocity time graph for an object moving with constant/same speed is given by a straight line parallel to time axis.

b) When object is in uniform motion -

The velocity tiem graph for an object in uniform motion is the straight line inclined to time axis.

C) When object is in non-uniform motion -

The distance time graph for object moving in non -uniform motion is the curved line.

Important results of velocity time graphs -

1) area under curve of v-t graph = displacement/distance travelled by the object

2) slope of v-t graph = acceleration of the object

EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

Definition of Equations of Motion

Equations of motion, in physics, are defined as equations that describe the behaviour of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.

There are three equations of motion that can be used to derive components such as displacement(s), velocity (initial and final), time(t) and acceleration(a). The following are the three equation of motion:

  • First Equation of Motion : v=u+at
  • Second Equation of Motion : s=ut+1/2 at2
  • Third Equation of Motion : v2=u2+2as

DERIVATION OF FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION ( V = u+at )

Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”.

Now as we know that,

Acceleration = change in velocity/Time taken Acceleration = Final velocity-Initial velocity / time taken

a = v-u/t

=> at = v-u

or v = u + at

This is the first equation of motion.

DERIVATION OF SECOND EQUATION OF MOTION (S=ut+1/2 at2 )

Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”. Let the distance travelled by the body be “s”.

Now As we know that,

Distance = Average velocity X Time

Also, Average velocity = u+v/2

Distance (s) = ( u+v ) *t/2 …….eq.(1)

Again we know that, v = u + at

By substituting this value of “v” in eq.(1), we get

 Distance(s) = (u+u+at) *t/2

=> s = (2u+at)* t/2

=> s = 2ut/2+at2/2

=>s = ut+ at2/2

or s = ut + 1/2 at2

This is the second equation of motion.

DERIVATION OF THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION (V2 = u2+2as)

Consider a body of mass “m” having initial velocity “u”. Let after time “t” its final velocity becomes “v” due to uniform acceleration “a”. Let the distance travelled by body be “s”.

Displacement=(Initial Velocity+Final Velocity)×t/2

Substituting the standard notations, the above equation becomes

s=(u+v)×t/2

From the first equation of motion, we know that

v=u+at

Rearranging the above formula, we get

t=vu/a

Substituting the value of ‘t’ in the displacement formula, we get

s=(v+u)/2 *(vu)/a

s=(v2 - u2)/2a

2as= v2 - u2

Rearranging, we get

v2 – u2= 2as This is the third equation of motion.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

What is Uniform Circular Motion?

The movement of a body following a circular path is called a circular motion. Now, the motion of a body moving with constant speed along a circular path is called Uniform Circular Motion. Here, the speed is constant but the velocity changes.

NOTE -

So if a particle is moving in a uniform circular motion:

1) Its speed is constant

2) Velocity is changing at every instant

Uniform Circular Motion Examples

Following are the examples of uniform circular motion:

  • Motion of artificial satellites around the earth is an example of uniform circular motion. The gravitational force from the earth makes the satellites stay in the circular orbit around the earth.
  • The motion of electrons around its nucleus.
  • The motion of blades of the windmills.
  • The tip of second’s hand of a watch with circular dial shows uniform circular motion.

Formula for veocity in UCM -

V=2πR/T

where R is radius of circle, T is time taken

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