Chapter 9: Ray optic and optical instrument

Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors

Reflection of Light

When light is incident on a surface, it is sent back by the surface in the same medium through which it had come called as ‘reflection of light’ by the surface.

Laws of Reflection

There are two laws of reflection.

  • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all three lie in the same plane.
  • The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection .

Types of Reflection

  • Regular Reflection When a parallel beam of reflected light rays is obtained for a parallel beam of incident light rays after reflection from a plane reflecting reflection is called regular reflection.
  • Irregular or Diffused Reflection When a non-parallel beam of reflected light rays is obtained for a parallel beam of incident light rays after reflection from a surface, then such type of reflection is called irregular or diffused reflection.

Reflection of Spherical Mirror

  • A spherical mirror is a part cut from a hollow sphere.
  • The reflection at spherical mirror also takes place in accordance with the laws of reflection.

Sign Convention

All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror & the distances measured in the direction of the incident light is taken as positive.

(i) β€‹β€‹β€‹β€‹The distance measured against the direction of the incident light are taken as negative.

Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror

 Distance between the focus and the pole of the mirror is called focal length of the mirror and is denote by f.

b) The focal length of a concave mirror is negative and that of a convex mirror is positive.

c) The focal length of a mirror (concave or convex) is equal to half of the radius of curvature of the mirror, i.e., f = .

Principal Axis of the Mirror: The straight line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of spherical mirror extended on both sides is called principal axis of the mirror.

Mirror Formula:

Where u = distance of the object from the pole of mirror

V = distance of the image from the pole of mirror

F = focal length of the mirror

 Where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror.

Magnification: It is defined as the ratio of the size of the image to that of the object.

Luminous Objects

 The objects which emits its own light, are called luminous objects, e.g., sun, other stars, an oil lamp etc.

Non-Luminous Objects

The objects which do not emit its own light but become visible due to the reflection of light falling on them, are called non-luminous objects, e.g., moon, table, chair. Trees etc.

Ray of Light

A straight line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light.

Beam of Light A bundle of the adjacent light rays is called a beam of light.

Image If light ray coming from an object meets or appear to meet at a point after reflection or refraction, then this point is called image of the object.

Real Image The image obtained by the real meeting of light rays, is called a real image.

Real image can be obtained on a screen. Real image is inverted.

Virtual Image The image obtained when light rays are not really meeting but appears to meet only, is called a virtual image.

Types of Reflection

(i) Regular Reflection When a parallel beam of reflected light rays is obtained for a parallel beam of incident light rays after reflection from a plane reflecting reflection is called regular reflection.

(ii) Irregular or Diffused Reflection When a non-parallel beam of reflected light rays is obtained for a parallel beam of incident light rays after reflection from a surface, then such type of reflection is called irregular or diffused reflection.

Mirror

A smooth and highly polished reflecting surface is called a mirror.

(i) Plane Mirror A highly polished plane surface is called a plane mirror.

Spherical Mirror : A highly polished curved surface whose reflecting surface is a cut part of a hollows at glass sphere is called a spherical mirror. Spherical mirrors are of two types

  • Concave Mirror A spherical mirror whose bent in surface is reflecting surface, is called a concave mirror.
  • Convex Mirror A spherical mirror whose bulging out surface is reflecting surface, is called a convex mirror.

REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACES AND BY LENSES

1. Focal length of a convex lens: The distance between the optical centre and principal focus of a lens is called focal length.Focal length of a lens depends on the refractive index of the glass and its curvature. In case of higher refractive index, focal length will be short.

A convex lens is also called converging lens as the parallel beam of light rays passing through it converges at a single point.

2. Focal length of concave lens:

The distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length of a concave lens.

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Consider refraction at a spherical interface between two transparent media. An infinitesimal part of a spherical surface can be regarded as planar and the same laws of refraction can be applied at every point on the surface.

The rays are incident from a medium of refractive index n1, to another of refractive index n2.

Assuming the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be small compared to other distances involved, so that small angle approximation can be made.

Consider NM will be taken to be nearly equal to the length of the perpendicular from the point N on the principal axis.

Considering small angles,

tan<NOM = (MN)/(OM)

tan < NCM = (MN/MC)

tan<NIM = (MN)/(MI)

Now, for ΔNOC, <i is the exterior angle. Therefore, i = NOM + NCM

i = (MN/OM)+(MN/MC) (equation (1))

Similarly, r = NCM – NIM

e., r = (MN/MC) – (MN/MI) (equation (2))

Now, by Snell’s law n1 sin i = n2 sin r or for small angles

n1i = n2r

Substituting i and r from Equation. (1) and (2), we get

(n1/OM) + (n2/MI) = (n2 – n1)/MC) Equation (3)

Here, OM, MI and MC represent magnitudes of distances. Applying the Cartesian sign convention,

OM = –u, MI = +v, MC = +R

Substituting these in Eq. (3), we get,

(n2 –v) –(n1/u) = (n2 – n1)/(R)  Equation (4)

Equation (4) gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium and the radius of curvature of the curved spherical surface. It holds for any curved spherical surface.

Refraction by Lens: Convex & Concave

A ray of light incident on the lens parallel to the principal axis after refraction passes through second principal axis.

A ray of light passing through first principal focus after refraction should move parallel to the principal axis.

A ray of light passing through the optical centre should go-undeviated after refraction.

1. Magnification of a lens

It is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.

It is denoted as m =(h’/h) = (v/u)

For a virtual and erect image is formed by a convex lens or by concave lens, m is positive and for real and inverted image m is negative.

Combination of thin lenses in contact

Let us consider two lenses A and B of focal length  f1  and f2  placed in contact with each other. An object is placed at O beyond the focus of the first lens A on the common principal axis.

The lens A produces an image at I1 . This image I1 acts as the object for the second lens B. The final image is produced at I as shown in Fig.  Since the lenses are thin, a common optical centre P is chosen.

Let PO = u, object distance for the first lens (A), PI = v, final image distance and PI1 = v1, image distance for the first lens (A) and also object distance for second lens (B).

 For the image I1  produced by the first lens A,

1/v? 1/u = 1/f1    ????..(1)

For the final image I, produced by the second lens B,

1/v  - 1/v1 = 1/f2      ????..(2)

Adding equations (1) and (2),

1/v ? 1/u = 1/f1 + 1/f????..(3)

If the combination is replaced by a single lens of focal length F such that it forms the image of O at the same position I, then

1/v  - 1/u  = 1/F       ????(4)

From equations (3) and (4)

1/F = 1/f1   +   1/f2   ?????(5)

This F is the focal length of the equivalent lens for the combination. The derivation can be extended for several thin lenses of focal

lengths f1, f2, f3  ... in contact. The effective focal length of the combination is given by

1/F = 1/f1   +  1/f2  +  1/f3   + ?????..     ?..(6)

In terms of power, equation (6) can be written as

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....       ...(7)

Equation (7) may be stated as follows :

The power of a combination of lenses in contact is the algebraic sum of the powers of individual lenses.

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