Chapter-1

Relations and Functions 

Cartesian Product , Relations and Types of Relations

Cartesian Product

Suppose there are two non-empty sets A and B.

Then the Cartesian product of A and B is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from A and B.

i.e., A × B = {(a , b) : a A, b B}

Example: Let A = {a1,a2,a3,a4} and B = {b1,b2}

Then, The Cartesian product of A and B will be;

A × B = {(a1,b1), (a2,b1),( a3,b1),( a4,b1).( a1,b2),( a2,b2),( a3,b2),( a4,b2 )}

Example: Let us say, A = {1,2} and B = { a,b,c}

Therefore, A × B = {(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c)}.

This set has 8 ordered pairs. We can also represent it as in a tabular form.

Note: Two ordered pair X and Y are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements and second elements are equal.

Example: Suppose, A = {cow, horse} B = {egg, juice}

 then, A×B = {(cow, egg), (horse, juice), (cow, juice), (horse, egg)}

If either of the two sets is a null set, i.e., either A = Φ or B = Φ, then, A × B = Φ i.e., A × B will also be a null set

Number of Ordered Pairs

For two non-empty sets, A and B. If the number of elements of A is p

 i.e., n(A) = p & that of B is q

 i.e., n(B) = q,

then the number of ordered pairs in Cartesian product will be n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B) = pq.

Properties

  1. The Cartesian Product is non-commutative: A × B ≠ B × A.
  2. The cardinality of the Cartesian Product is defined as the number of elements in A × B and is equal to the product of cardinality of both sets:

|A × B| = |A| * |B|

  1. A × B = , if either A = or B =
  2. If (x,y) = (a,b) ,then x=a , y=b
  3. A×B=B×A, if only A=B
  4. The Cartesian product is associative:

(A×B)×C=A×(B×C). It means the Cartesian product of the three-set is the same, i.e., it doesn’t depend upon which bracket is multiplied first as the final result will be the same.

  1. Distributive property over a set intersection:

A×(B∩C)=(A×B)∩(A×C)

  1. Distributive property over set union:

A×(BC)=(A×B)(A×C)

  1. If AB, then A×CB×C for any set C.
  2. AxBxC  = {(a,b,c) : aÎA, bÎ B ,cÎ C}

Here (a,b,c) is called ordered triplet.

Relation

Relation is association between two well-defined  objects.

Relations can be represented in different forms such as arrow representation, algebraic form, set-builder form, graphically, roster form, and tabular form. 

Definition

Let A and B be two non empty sets.

Then R  :  A ® B  is said to be a relation if R Í AxB .

The element of A (first element) of AxB in the relation is called Domain or Pre-image of relation R.

The element of B (second element) of AxB in the relation is called Range or image of relation R.

The whole B set of AxB in the relation is called Codomain of relation R.

Range Í Codomain

Example : Define a relation R from A to A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1}. Determine the domain, codomain and range of R.

Answer: We can see that A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is the domain and codomain of R.

To determine the range, we determine the values of y for each value of x, that is, when x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

    • x = 1, y = 1 + 1 = 2;
    • x = 2, y = 2 + 1 = 3;
    • x = 3, y = 3 + 1 = 4;
    • x = 4, y = 4 + 1 = 5;
    • x = 5, y = 5 + 1 = 6;
    • x = 6, y = 6 + 1 = 7.

Since 7 does not belong to A and the relation R is defined on A, hence, x = 6 has no image in A.

Therefore range of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Answer: Domain = Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, Range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Example :

Let A = {1, 2, 3, … , 14}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(xy): 3x – y = 0, where xy  A}. Write down its domain, codomain and range.

ANSWER:

The relation R from A to A is given as

R = {(xy): 3x – y = 0, where xy  A}

i.e., R = {(xy): 3x = y, where xy  A}

R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}

The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.

Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4}

The whole set A is the codomainof the relation R.

Codomain of R = A = {1, 2, 3, …, 14}

The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.

Range of R = {3, 6, 9, 12}

Example:

The given figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. write this relation

(i) in set-builder form (ii) in roster form.

What is its domain and range?

ANSWER:

According to the given figure, P = {5, 6, 7}, Q = {3, 4, 5}

(i) R = {(x, y): y = x – 2; x  P} or R = {(x, y): y = x – 2 for x = 5, 6, 7}

(ii) R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)}

Domain of R = {5, 6, 7}

Range of R = {3, 4, 5}

Example:       

Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(ab): ab  Z– b is an integer}. Find the domain and range of R.

ANSWER:

R = {(ab): ab  Z– b is an integer}

It is known that the difference between any two integers is always an integer.

Domain of R = Z

Range of R = Z