Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acid

1. From primary alcohols

2. From aldehydes

                                      

Oxidising agents - HNO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7

Mild oxidising agents - Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s reagent

3. From alkyl benzenes

1° and 2° alkyl benzene are oxidised in this manner. Tertiary group is not affected.

4. From nitriles and amides         

5.  From Grignard reagents

6.  From acyl halides

7.  From acyl anhydrides

  8. From esters

Ex.   

Ex.