Part- A

NON-PROFIT ORGANISATION

MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS

Organizations are of two types: - profit-making & non-profit making. Profit-making organizations operate with the main objective of earning profit. But there are organizations whose objective is not to earn profit but to render services. These organizations are called non-profit making organizations. The services are rendered to its own members or to the society at large. The main objective of such organizations may be social, educational, religious, or charitable. The surplus arising from rendering services is not distributed among its members by way of dividends or share of profit but utilized for the furtherance of the objective of the organization—examples of non-profit making organizations are clubs, societies, schools, colleges, hospitals, charitable trusts etc.

Features of non-profit making ORGANISATIONS:

The features of non-profit making organizations are as follows:

1.         Service motive – Unlike profit-making organizations, the non-profit making organization operates with the motive to serve the people of the society.

2.         Separate identity – The non-profit making organizations have separate legal entities.

3.         Form of organization – Such organizations function in the form of schools, colleges, hospitals, clubs, societies, charitable trusts etc.

4.         Utilisation of surplus – The excess revenue earned over the cost incurred in the process of rendering services is not distributed among its members. Rather it is utilized for achieving the objective of serving society.

5.         Financing – Non-profit making organizations cannot financially operate only by receiving revenue from rendering services. Therefore, it receives donations either from members or outsiders to finance the cost of rendering services.

6.         Budget – Each non-profit organization prepares an annual budget. The budget gives information about the anticipated receipt and expenditure for the ensuing year.

7.         Management – Such organizations are managed by elected representatives of the members.

8.         Accounting – Non-profit making organizations are required to prepare their annual accounts and these accounts are submitted to the members of the government departments. The accounts are prepared on an accrual basis.

CHAPTER – 1

ACCOUNTING FOR NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATION

Meaning & characteristics of NPO
There are certain organisations which are set up for providing service to its members and the public in general. Such organisations include clubs, charitable institutions,  schools,  religious organisations, trade unions, welfare societies and societies for the promotion of art and culture. These organisations have service as the main objective and not the profit as is the case of organisations in business. Normally, these organisations do not undertake any business activity, and are managed by trustees who are fully accountable to their members and the society for the utilization of the funds raised for meeting the objectives of the organisation. Hence, they also have to maintain proper accounts and prepare the financial statement which take the form of Receipt and Payment Account; Income and Expenditure Account; and Balance Sheet. at the end of for every accounting period (normally a financial year).
This is also a legal requirement and helps them to keep track of their income and expenditure, the nature of which is different from those of the business organisations. In this chapter we shall learn about the accounting aspects relating to not-for-profit organisation.
Meaning and Characteristics of Not-for- Profit Organisation
Not-for -Profit Organisations refer to the organisations that are for used for the welfare of the society and are set up as charitable institutions which function without any profit motive. Their main aim is to provide service to a specific group or the public at large. Normally, they do not manufacture, purchase or sell goods and may not have credit transactions. Hence they need not maintain many books of account (as the trading concerns do) and Trading and Profit and Loss Account. The funds raised by such organisations are credited to capital fund or general fund. The major sources of their income usually are subscriptions from their members donations, grants-in-aid, income from investments, etc. The main objective of keeping records in such organisations is to meet the statutory requirement and help them in exercising control over utilisation of their funds. They also have to prepare the financial statements at the end of each accounting period (usually a financial year) and ascertain their income and expenditure and the financial position, and submit them to the statutory authority called Registrar of Societies.

The main characteristics of such organisations are:

1. Such organisations are formed for providing service to a specific group or public at large such as education, health care, recreation, sports and so on without any consideration of caste, creed and colour. Its sole aim is to provide service either free of cost or at nominal cost, and not to earn profit.

2. These are organised as charitable trusts/societies and subscribers to such organisation are called members.

3. Their affairs are usually managed by a managing/executive committee elected by its members.

4. The main sources of income of such organisations are: (i) subscriptions from members, (ii) donations (general). (iii) legacies(general). (iv) grant- in-aid, (v) income from investments, etc.

5. The funds raised by such organisations through various sources are credited to capital fund or general fund.

6. The surplus generated in the form of excess of income over expenditure is not distributed amongst the members. It is simply added in the capital fund.

7. The Not-for-Profit Organisations earn their reputation on the basis of their contributions to the welfare of the society rather than on the customers’ or owners’ satisfaction.

8. The accounting information provided by such organisations is meant for the present and potential contributors and to meet the statutory requirement.

Chapter - 2

Accounting for Partnership  : Basic Concepts

You have learnt about the preparation of financial statements for a sole proprietary concern. As the business expands, one needs more capital and larger number of people to manage the business and share its risks. In such a situation, people usually adopt the partnership form of organisation. Accounting for partnership firms has it’s own peculiarities, as the partnership firm comes into existence when two or more persons come together to establish business and share its profits. On many issues affecting distribution of profits, there may not be any specific agreement between the partners. In such a situation the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 apply. Similarly, calculation of interest on capital, interest on drawings and maintenance of partners capital accounts have their own peculiarities. Not only that a variety of adjustments are required on the death of a partner or when a new partner is admitted and so on. These peculiar situations need specific treatment in accounting that need to be clarified.

The present chapter discusses some basic aspects of partnership such as distribution of profit, maintenance of capital accounts, etc. The treatment of situations like admission of partner, retirement, death and dissolution have been taken up in the subsequent chapters.

Nature of Partnership

When two or more persons join hands to set up a business and share its profits and losses, they are said to be in partnership. Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 defines partnership as the‘relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all’.

Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are individually called ‘partners’ and collectively called ‘firm’. The name under which the business is carried is called the ‘firm’s name’. A partnership firm has no separate legal entity, apart from the partners constituting it. Thus, the essential features of partnership are:

1. Two or More Persons: In order to form partnership, there should be at least two persons coming together for a common goal. In other words, the minimum number of partners in a firm can be two. There is however, a limit on their maximum number. By virtue of Section 464 of the Companies Act 2013, the Central Government is empowered to prescribe maximum number of partners in a firm but the number of partners can not be more than 100. The Central government has prescribed the maximum number of partness in a firm to be 50.

2. Agreement: Partnership is the result of an agreement between two or more persons to do business and share its profits and losses. The agreement becomes the basis of relationship between the partners. It is not necessary that such agreement is in written form. An oral agreement is equally valid. But in order to avoid disputes, it is preferred that the partners have a written agreement.

3. Business: The agreement should be to carry on some business. Mere co- ownership of a property does not amount to partnership. For example, if Rohit and Sachin jointly purchase a plot of land, they become the joint owners of the property and not the partners. But if they are in the business of purchase and sale of land for the purpose of making profit, they will be called partners.

4. Mutual Agency: The business of a partnership concern may be carried on by all the partners or any of them acting for all. This statement has two important implications. First, every partner is entitled to participate in the conduct of the affairs of its business. Second, that there exists a relationship of mutual agency between all the partners. Each partner carrying on the business is the principal as well as the agent for all the other partners. He can bind other partners by his acts and also is bound by the acts of other partners with regard to business of the firm. Relationship of mutual agency is so important that one can say that there would be no partnership, if the element of mutual agency is absent.

5. Sharing of Profit: Another important element of partnership is that, the agreement between partners must be to share profits and losses of a business. Though the definition contained in the Partnership Act describes partnership as relation between people who agree to share the profits of a business, the sharing of loss is implied. Thus, sharing of profits and losses is important. If some persons join hands for the purpose of some charitable activity, it will not be termed as partnership.

6. Liability of Partners: Each partner is liable jointly with all the other partners and also severally to the third party for all the acts of the firm done while he is a partner. Not only that the liability of a partner for acts of the firm is also unlimited. This implies that his private assets can also be used for paying off the firm’s debts. 

Partnership Deed

Partnership comes into existence as a result of agreement among the partners. The agreement can be either oral or written. The Partnership Act does not require that the agreement must be in writing. But wherever it is in writing, the document, which contains terms of the agreement is called ‘Partnership Deed’. It generally contains the details about all the aspects affecting the relationship between the partners including the objective of business, contribution of capital by each partner, ratio in which the profits and the losses will be shared by the partners and entitlement of partners to interest on capital, interest on loan, etc.

The clauses of partnership deed can be altered with the consent of all the partners. The deed should be properly drafted and prepared as per the provisions of the ‘Stamp Act’ and preferably registered with the Registrar of Firms.

Contents of the Partnership Deed

The Partnership Deed usually contains the following details:
•    Names and Addresses of the firm and its main business;
•    Names and Addresses of all partners;
•    Amount of capital to be contributed by each partner;
•    The accounting period of the firm;
•    The date of commencement of partnership;
•    Rules regarding operation of Bank Accounts;
•    Profit and loss sharing ratio;
•    Rate of interest on capital, loan, drawings, etc;
•    Mode of auditor’s appointment, if any;
•    Salaries, commission, etc, if payable to any partner;
•    The rights, duties and liabilities of each partner;
•    Treatment of loss arising out of insolvency of one or more partners
•    Settlement of accounts on dissolution of the firm;
•    Method of settlement of disputes among the partners;
•    Rules to be followed in case of admission, retirement, death of a partner
•    Any other matter relating to the conduct of business.
Normally, the partnership deed covers all matters affecting relationship of partners amongst themselves. However, if there is no express agreement on certain matters, the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 shall apply.

Provisions of Partnership Act Relevant for Accounting

The important provisions affecting partnership accounts are as follows:

(a) Profit Sharing Ratio: If the partnership deed is silent about the profit sharing ratio, the profits and losses of the firm are to be shared equally by partners, irrespective of their capital contribution in the firm.

(b) Interest on Capital: No partner is entitled to claim any interest on the amount of capital contributed by him in the firm as a matter of right. However, interest can be allowed when it is expressly agreed to by the partners. Thus, no interest on capital is payable if the partnership deed is silent on the issue.

(c) Interest on Drawings: No interest is to be charged on the drawings made by the partners, if there is no mention in the Deed.

(d) Interest on Loan: If any partner has advanced loan to the firm for the purpose of business, he/she shall be entitled to get an interest on the loan amount at the rate of 6 per cent per annum.

(e) Remuneration for Firm’s Work: No partner is entitled to get salary or other remuneration for taking part in the conduct of the business of the firm unless there is a provision for the same in the Partnership Deed.

Apart from the above, the Indian Partnership Act specifies that subject to contract between the partners:

(i) If a partner derives any profit for him/her self from any transaction of the firm or from the use of the property or business connection of the firm or the firm name, he/she shall account for the profit and pay it to the firm.

(ii) If a partner carries on any business of the same nature as and competing with that of the firm, he/she shall account for and pay to the firm, all profit made by him/her in that business.

Special  Aspects  of Partnership  Accounts

Accounting treatment for partnership firm is similar to that of a sole proprietorship business with the exception of the following aspects:

•   Maintenance of Partners’ Capital Accounts;

•   Distribution of Profit and Loss among the partners;

•   Adjustments for Wrong Appropriation of Profits in the Past;

•   Reconstitution of the Partnership Firm; and

•   Dissolution of Partnership Firm.

The first three aspects mentioned above have been taken up in the following sections of this chapter. The remaining aspects have been covered in the subsequent chapters.

Meaning

 Partnership business is an association between two or more persons who agree to do business & share profits & losses. The partners act as both agents & principals of the firm.

“Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.” Section 4 of Indian Partnership Act, 1932.

Nature & Essential features of Partnership

Partnership is a separate business entity from the accounting viewpoint. However, from the legal viewpoint, a partnership firm is not separate from its partners. In case the business assets are not enough to meet the liabilities, the partner’s personal assets would also be liable to meet the debts.

Features

1. Two or more persons – In a partnership business, the minimum number of partners is two & the maximum number of partners allowed is 50.
2. Agreement – The relationship between partners is based on an agreement & that agreement is known as Partnership Deed.
3. Profit-sharing – A partnership business is formed to do lawful business.
4. Business of partnership can be carried on by all or any of them acting for all.

Partnership Deed

Partnership comes into existence by an oral or written agreement between the partners which contains all the terms & conditions of partnership. This agreement defines the relationship between partners. It is a legal document which is signed by all the partners. This document helps in avoiding any kind of dispute in future among the partners. This document is known as Partnership Deed.

A partnership deed, we can say, is the most important document in partnership business & it consists of the following clauses;

1. Description of partners – Name, description & address of partners.
2. Description of the firm – Name & address of the firm.
3. Principal place of business – Address of the principal place of business
4. Nature of business – What type of business is it - Trading or manufacturing? The nature of business is mentioned here.
5. Commencement of Business – Date of commencement of partnership is mentioned here.
6. Capital Contribution – The amount of capital to be contributed by each partner & whether the capital accounts are fixed or fluctuating.
7. Interest on Capital – Rate of interest, if allowed, on capital
8. Interest on Drawings – Rate of interest, if to be charged, on drawings
9. Profit-Sharing Ratio – Ratio in which profits & losses are to be shared by partners.
10. Interest on Loan – Rate of interest on loan given by a partner to a firm.
11. Salary – Amount of salary, and commission to be paid to the partners
12. Settlement of accounts – The manner in which the accounts of the partners are to be settled in case of his retirement, death or dissolution of partnership.
13. Accounting period – The date on which accounts shall be closed every year.
14. Rights & duties of partners – The rights & duties of partners are defined here.
15. Duration of partnership – The period of partnership for which it has been started.
16. Bank account operation – How shall the bank accounts be operated? Whether it shall be operated by any partner or jointly.
17. Valuation of Assets – The manner in which the assets & liabilities of the firm are to be valued.
18. Death of a partner – Whether the firm will continue or dissolve after the death of a partner.
19. Settlement of Disputes – If there is any dispute among the partners then how it’ll be settled.

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF A PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNT

When the partnership deed is silent or does not have any clause in respect of the following matters or no partnership deed has been prepared by the partners, the following provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, shall apply:-

1. Sharing of profit & losses – Profit & losses to be shared equally by all the partners.
2. Interest on Capital – Interest on capital is not paid to any partner.
3. Interest on Drawings – Interest on drawings is not charged to any partner.
4. Interest on loan or advance/ loans by partners – Interest on loans is paid @ 6% pa. Interest is payable even if there is a loss.
5. Remuneration to partners – Remuneration (salary, commission etc.) is not paid or allowed to any partner.

Some other important points:-

1. A minor may be admitted for the benefit of partnership.
2. A partner may retire from partnership with the consent of other partners or as per the agreement.
3. Registration of firm is optional & not compulsory.
4. Unless otherwise agreed by the partners, a firm is dissolved on the death of a partner.

Note – These provisions are applicable even if the partnership deed does not have a clause to this effect.

Maintenance of Partnership Accounts

This is how partnership accounts are maintained

After the determination of net profit by preparing Profit & Loss A/c, we have to prepare Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c.  Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c is an extension of Profit & Loss A/c. It is credited with the Net Profit taken from the Profit & Loss A/c & interest on drawings & debited with interest on capital, partner’s salaries & commissions. If the partners decide to transfer a certain part of the profit to Reserves, then it is also shown in the Dr side& the balance profit is distributed among the partners in their profit sharing ratio.

 

Accounting Records of Not-for-Profit Organisations

As stated earlier, normally such organisations are not engaged in any trading or business activities. The main sources of their income are subscriptions from members, donations, financial assistance from government and income from investments. Most of their transactions are in cash  or through the bank. These institutions are required by law to keep proper accounting records and keep proper control over the utilization of their funds. This is why they usually keep a cash book in which all receipts and payments are duly recorded. They also maintain a ledger containing the accounts of all incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities which facilitates the preparation of financial statements at the end of the accounting period. In addition, they are required to maintain a stock register to keep complete record of all fixed assets and the consumables.

They do not maintain any capital account. Instead they maintain capital fund which is also called general fund that goes on accumulating due to surpluses generated, life membership fee, etc., received from year to year. In fact, a proper system of accounting is desirable to avoid or minimise the chances of misappropriations or embezzlement of the funds contributed by the members and other donors.

Final Accounts or Financial Statements

The Not-for-Profit Organisations are also required to prepare financial statements at the end of the each accounting period. Although these organisations are non-profit making entities and they are not required to make Trading and Profit & Loss Account but it is necessary to know whether the income during the year was sufficient to meet the expenses or not. Not only that they have to provide the necessary financial information to members, donors, and contributors and also to the Registrar of Societies. For this purpose, they have to prepare their final accounts at the end of the accounting period and the general principles of accounting are fully applicable in their preparation as stated earlier, the final accounts of a ‘not-for-profit organization’ consist of the following:

a. Receipt and Payment Account

b. Income and Expenditure Account

c. Balance Sheet.

The Receipt and Payment Account is the summary of cash and bank transactions which helps in the preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and the Balance Sheet. Besides, it is a legal requirement as the Receipts and Payments Account has also to be submitted to the Registrar of Societies along with the Income and Expenditure Account, and the Balance Sheet.

Income and Expenditure Account is akin to Profit and Loss Account. The Not-for-Profit Organisations usually prepare the Income and Expenditure Account and a Balance Sheet with the help of Receipt and Payment Account. However, this does not imply that they do not make a trial balance. In order to check the accuracy of the ledger accounts, they also prepare a trial balance which facilitates the preparation of accurate Receipt and Payment Account as well as the Income and Expenditure Account and the Balance Sheet.

In fact, if an organisation has followed the double entry system they must prepare a trial balance for checking the accuracy of the ledger accounts and it will also facilitate the preparation of Receipt and Payment account. Income and Expenditure Account and the Balance Sheet.

Receipt and Payment Account

It is prepared at the end of the accounting year on the basis of cash receipts and cash payments recorded in the cash book. It is a summary of cash and bank transactions under various heads. For example, subscriptions received from the members on different dates which appear on the debit side of the cash book, shall be shown on the receipts side of the Receipt and Payment Account as one item with its total amount. Similarly, salary, rent, electricity charges paid from time to time as recorded on the credit side of the cash book but the total salary paid, total rent paid, total electricity charges paid during the year appear on the payment side of the Receipt and Payment Account. Thus, Receipt and Payment Account gives  summarized  picture of various receipts  and payments, irrespective of whether they pertain to the current period, previous period or succeeding period or whether they are of capital or revenue nature. It may be noted that this account does not show any non cash item like depreciation. The opening balance in Receipt and Payment Account represents cash in hand/cash at bank which is shown on its receipts side and the closing balance of this account represents cash in hand and bank balance as at the end of the year, which appear on the credit side of the Receipt and Payment Account. However, if it is bank overdraft at the end it shall be shown on its debit side as the last item. Let us look at the cash book of Golden Cricket Club given in the example to show how the total amount of each item of receipt and payment has been worked out.

Example 1

Golden Cricket Club Cash Book (Columnar)

Part A

Item wise Aggregation of various Receipts :

Subscriptions (2014–2015)

   Subscriptions (2013–14)

   Subscription (2015–16)

Entrance Fees

Locker Rent

Life Membership fee

Donation for Buildings

Interest on Government securities

    Part B

Item wise Aggregation of various Payments

Insurance Premium

Printing and Stationery

Lighting

Telephone Expenses

Rates and Taxes

Government Securities

Wages and Salaries

Postage and Courier Service

The above data can also be shown in the form of the respective accounts in the ledger. A detailed illustrative list of items of receipts and payments is given in figure 1.

Figure 1

Receipt and Payment Account is given below:

Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending ————

Fig. 1.1: Format of Receipt and Payment Account

There will be either of the two amounts i.e., each at bank or bank overdraft, not both.

It may be noted that the receipts side of the Receipt and Payment Account gives a list of revenue receipts (for past, current and future periods) as well as capital receipts. Similarly, the payments side of the Receipts and Payments Account lists the Revenue Payments (for past, current and future periods) as well as Capital Payments.

Features

1. 1. It is a summary of the cash book. Its form is identical with that of simple cash book (without discount and bank columns) with debit and credit sides. Receipts are recorded on the debit side while payments are entered on the credit side.
   2. It shows the total amounts of all receipts and payments irrespective of the period to which they  pertain . For example, in the Receipt and Payment account for the year ending on March 31, 2016, we record the total subscriptions received during 2015–16 including the amounts related to the years 2014–2015 and 2016-2017. Similarly, taxes paid during 2015–16 even if they relate to the years 2014–15 and 2016–2017.
   3. It includes all receipts and payments whether they are of capital nature or of revenue nature.
   4. No distinction is made in receipts/payments made in cash or through bank. With the exception of the opening and closing balances, the total amount of each receipt and payment is shown in this account.
   5. No non-cash items such as depreciation outstanding expenses accrued income, etc. are shown in this account.
   6. It begins with opening balance of cash in hand and cash at bank (or bank overdraft) and closes with the year end balance of cash in hand/ cash at bank or bank overdraft. In fact, the closing balance in this account (difference between the total amount of receipts and payments) which is usually a debit balance reflects cash in hand and cash at bank unless there is a bank overdraft.

Steps in the Preparation of Receipt and Payment Account

1. Take the opening balances of cash in hand and cash at bank and enter them on the debit side. In case there is bank overdraft at the begining of the year, enter the same on the credit side of this account.
2. Show the total amounts of all receipts on its debit side irrespective of their nature (whether capital or revenue) and whether they pertain to past, current and future periods.
3. Show the total amounts of all payments on its credit side irrespective of their nature (whether capital or revenue) and whether they pertain to past, current and future periods.
4. None of the receivable income and payable expense is to be entered in this account as they do not involve inflow or outflow of cash.
5. Find out the difference between the total of debit side and the total of credit side of the account and enter the same on the credit side as the closing balance of cash/bank. In case, however, the total of the credit side is more than that of the total of the debit side, show the difference on the debit as bank overdraft and close the account.

From the following information based on the data assimilated from the cash book given in example 1, at page 4, the Receipt and Payment Account of Golden Cricket Club for the year ended on March 31, 2015 will be prepared as follows:

Summary of Cash Book

 

   Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2015

Revision 1

From the following particulars relating to Silver Point, prepare a Receipt and Payment account for the year ending March 31, 2017.

Solution

Books of Silver Point Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

financial statements of non-profit making organizations

Like trading organizations, non-profit making organizations also prepare their financial statements at the end of each accounting period. Their financial statements comprise the following:

             1.         Receipts and Payments Account (Cash Book)

             2.         Income and Expenditure Account (Profit & Loss A/c)

             3.         Balance Sheet.

1. Receipts and Payments ACCOUNT:

 The following points are noteworthy relating to Receipts and Payments A/C:

a. Receipts and Payments Account is a summary of cash transactions.

b. It shows the opening and closing balance of cash and bank, receipts and payments (both cash and cheque) and the closing cash and bank balance at the end of the accounting period.

c. The left-hand side records all receipts and the right-hand side all payments (whether revenue or capital or relating to current years past or future accounting years).

d. It shows a classified summary of cash transactions during a given period.

For example, fees may be received from the members of a club on different dates and appear on different pages of the Cash Book as it is a chronological record. But the total fees received during the accounting period is shown in the Receipts and Payments Account.

Keypoints OF RECEIPTS and Payments Account

1.         It is similar to a Cash Book of a trading concern.

2.         It is a real account. Receipts are recorded on the receipt side and payments are recorded on the payment side.

3.         It starts with the opening cash and bank balance and closes with the closing cash and bank balance.

4.         Both cash and bank transactions are merged in the same column.

5.         All types of receipts are recorded on its receipts side irrespective of the nature of receipts (i.e. both capital and revenue receipts and receipts relating to past, present and future years).

6.        All types of payments are recorded on the credit side irrespective of the nature of payments (i.e. both capital and revenue payments and payments relating to past, present and future years).

Format of Receipts and Payments Account:

Name of the Non-Profit Making Organisation:-

Receipts and Payments Account for the year ended **********

Income and Expenditure Account

Important Facts about Income & Expenditure A/C:

• Income and Expenditure Account is similar to Profit and Loss Account of a trading concern
• Since non-profit making organizations do not operate on profit objectives, income and Expenditure Account is prepared instead of preparing Profit and Loss Account.
• On the debit side, it shows all revenue expenses relating to the current year whether paid or not. 
• On the credit side, it shows all revenue incomes and gains relating to the current year whether received or not.
• It is a nominal account and its preparation procedure is the same as that of a Profit and Loss Account of a trading concern.

• The balancing figure of this account is called surplus/excess of income over expenditure or deficit/excess of expenditure over income.

Key points of Income and Expenditure Account

1.         It is similar to the Profit and Loss Account of a trading concern.

2.         It is a nominal account. Expenses and losses are recorded on the debit side and incomes and gains are recorded on the credit side. The expenses are matched with revenues of the concerned period.

3.         All revenue incomes relating to the current year whether received or due are recorded on the credit side.

4.         All revenue expenses relating to the current year whether paid or outstanding are recorded on the debit side.

5.         Capital expenditures and capital receipts are not recorded in this account.

6.         It records both cash and non-cash items such as depreciation.

Format of Income and Expenditure Account

 (Name of the Non-Profit Making Organisation)

Income and Expenditure Account

For the year ended on *********

The distinction between Receipts and Payments Account and Income and Expenditure A/c

3. Balance Sheet

           The balance sheet of a non-profit making organization is prepared on the same line as that of a trading concern. Assets including accrued income and prepaid expenses are shown on the assets side and the liabilities side shows all liabilities including outstanding expenses. Capital Fund (same as Capital Account in case of trading concerns) appears on the liabilities side. The surplus during the period is added to the Capital Fund and the deficit is subtracted.

             Note: When no information regarding Capital Fund is available, it can be ascertained by preparing the Balance Sheet at the beginning of the year i.e. Opening Balance Sheet.

  Income and Expenditure Account

It is the summary of income and expenditure for the accounting year. It is just like a profit and loss account prepared on accrual basis in case of the business organisations. It includes only revenue items and the balance at the end represents surplus or deficit. The Income and Expenditure Account serves the same purpose as the profit and loss account of a business organisation does. All the revenue items relating to the current period are shown in this account, the expenses and losses on the expenditure side and incomes and gains on the income side of the account. It shows the net operating result in the form of surplus (i.e. excess of income over expenditure) or deficit (i.e. excess of expenditure over income), which is transferred to the capital fund shown in the balance sheet.

The Income and Expenditure Account is prepared on accrual basis with the help of Receipts and Payments Account along with additional information regarding outstanding and prepaid expenses and depreciation etc. Hence, many items appearing in the Receipts and Payments need to be adjusted. For example, as shown in Example 1, (Page No. 10) subscription amount of Rs.2, 65,000 received during the year 2014-15 appearing on the receipts side of the Receipt and Payment Account includes receipts for the periods other than the current period. But the subscription amount of Rs. 2,25,000 pertaining to the current year only will be shown as income in Income and Expenditure Account for the year 2014-15.

Steps in the Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account

Following steps may be helpful in preparing an Income and Expenditure Account from a given Receipt and Payment Account:

1.  Persue the Receipt and Payment Account thoroughly.

2. Exclude the opening and closing balances of cash and bank as they are not an income.

3. Exclude the capital receipts and capital payments as these are to be shown in the Balance Sheet.

4. Consider only the revenue receipts to be shown on the income side of Income and Expenditure Account. Some of these need to be adjusted by excluding the amounts relating to the preceding and the succeeding periods and including the amounts relating to the current year not yet received.

5. Take the revenue expenses to the expenditure side of the Income and Expenditure Account with due adjustments as per the additional information provided relating to the amounts received in advance and those not yet received.

6. Consider the following items not appearing in the Receipt and Payment Account that need to be taken into account for determining the surplus/ deficit for the current year :

    a. Depreciation of fixed assets.

    b. Provision for doubtful debts, if required.

    c. Profit or loss on sale of fixed assets.

Now you will observe how the income and expenditure account is prepared from the receipts and payments account given in example 1, on page 10.

Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending on March 31, 2015

Note that-

1.    Opening and closing cash/bank balances have been excluded.
2.    Payment for purchase of Government securities being capital expenditure has been excluded.
3.    Amount of subscriptions received for the year 2013-14 and 2015-16 have been excluded.
4.    Life membership fee is an item of capital receipt and so excluded.
5.    Donation for building is a receipt for a specific purpose and so excluded.

   Revision 2

   From the Receipt and Payment Account given below, prepare the Income and Expenditure Account of Clean Delhi Club for the year ended March 31, 2017.

   Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

Solution

Books of Clean Delhi Club

Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

Revision3

From the following Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2015 of Negi's Club, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the same period:

Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2015

The following additional information is available:

1. Salaries outstanding – Rs. 1,500;
2. Entertainment expenses outstanding – Rs. 500;
3. Bank interest receivable – Rs. 150;
4. Subscriptions accrued – Rs. 400;
5. 50 per cent of entrance fees is to be capitalised;
6. Furniture is to be depreciated at 10 per cent per annum.

Solution

  Books of Negi's Club

Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31.3.2015

Distinction between Income and Expenditure Account and Receipt and Payment Account

Based upon discussion made in regard to the Receipts and Payments Account and the Income and Expenditure Account we make the distinction between Income and Expenditure Account and Receipts and Payments Account in the tabular form:

 Balance Sheet

‘Not-for-Profit’ Organisations prepare Balance Sheet for ascertaining the financial position of the organisation. The preparation of their Balance Sheet is on the same pattern as that of the business entities. It shows assets and liabilities as at the end of the year. Assets are shown on the right hand side and the liabilities on the left hand side. However, there will be a Capital Fund or General Fund in place of the Capital and the surplus or deficit as per Income and Expenditure Account which is either added to/deducted from the capital fund, as the case may be. It is also a common practice to add some of the capitalised items like legacies, entrance fees and life membership fees directly in the capital fund.

Besides the Capital or General Fund, there may be other funds created for specific purposes or to meet the requirements of the contributors/donors such as building fund, sports fund, etc. Such funds are shown separately in the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Some times it becomes necessary to prepare Balance Sheet as at the beginning of the year in order to find out the opening balance of the capital/general fund.

Preparation of Balance Sheet

The following procedure is adopted to prepare the Balance Sheet:

1. Take the Capital/General Fund as per the opening balance sheet and add surplus from the Income and Expenditure Account. Further, add entrance fees, legacies, life membership fees, etc. received during the year.

2. Take all the fixed assets (not sold/discarded/or destroyed during the year) with additions (from the Receipts and Payments account) after charging depreciation (as per Income and Expenditure account) and show them on the assets side.

3. Compare items on the receipts side of the Receipts and Payments Account with income side of the Income and Expenditure Account. This is to ascertain the amounts of: (a) subscriptions due but not yet received: (b) incomes received in advance; (c) sale of fixed assets made during the year; (d) items to be capitalised (i.e. taken directly to the Balance Sheet) e.g. legacies, interest on specific fund investment and so on.

4. Similarly compare, items on the payments side of the Receipt and Payment Account with expenditure side of the Income and Expenditure Account. This is to ascertain the amounts if: (a) outstanding expenses; (b) prepaid expenses; (c) purchase of a fixed asset during the year; (d) depreciation on fixed assets; (e) stock of consumable items like stationery in hand; (f) Closing balance of cash in hand and cash at bank as, and so on.

A proforma Balance Sheet is given for the proper understanding of preparing the balance sheet.

Balance Sheet of as on ...............

Fig. 1.2: Proforma Balance Sheet

Revision4

From the following Receipt and Payment Account and additional information relating to Excellent Cricket Club, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended March 31, 2015 and Balance Sheet as on date.

 

  Donations and Surplus on account of tournament are to be kept in Reserve for a permanent pavilion. Subscriptions due on March 31, 2015 were Rs. 42,000. Write-off fifty per cent of sports materials and thirty per cent of printing and stationery.

  Solution

  Books of Excellent Cricket Club Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending on March 31, 2015

   Note:  Since the opening balance of the capital fund is not given, the same has been ascertained by preparing opening balance sheet.

     Balance Sheet of Excellent Cricket Club as on March 31, 2015

   

Balance Sheet of Excellent Cricket Club as on March 31, 2014

   Some Peculiar Items

  Final accounts of the Not-for-Profit organisations are prepared on the similar pattern as that of a business orgnisation. However, a few items of income and expenses of such orgnisations are somewhat different in nature and need special attention in their treatment in final accounts. They        are peculiar to these orgnisations. Some of the common peculiar items are explained as under:

  Subscriptions:

 Subscription is a membership fee paid by the member on annual basis. This is the main source of income of such orgnisations. Subscription paid by the members is shown as receipt in the Receipt and Payment Account and as income in the Income and Expenditure Account. It may be noted   that Receipt and Payment Account shows the total amount of subscription actually received during the year while the amount shown in Income and Expenditure Account is confined to the figure related to the current period only irrespective of the fact whether it has been received or not.   For example, a club received Rs. 20,000 as subscriptions during the year 2016-17 of which Rs.3,000 relate to year 2015-16 and Rs.2,000 to 2017-18, and at the end of the year 2016-17 Rs.6,000 are still receivable. In this case, the Receipt and Payment Account will show Rs.20,000 as   receipt from subscriptions. But the Income and Expenditure Account will show Rs. 21,000 as income from subscriptions for the year 2016-17, the calculation of which is given as below:    

The above amount of subscriptions to be shown as income can also be ascertained by preparing the subscription account as follows:

Subscription Account

Revision 5

As per Receipt and Payment Account for the year ended on March 31, 2017, the subscriptions received were Rs. 2,50,000. Additional Information given is as follows:

1.  Subscriptions Outstanding on 1.4.2016 Rs. 50,000
2. Subscriptions Outstanding on 31.3.2017 Rs.35,000
3. Subscriptions Received in Advance as on 1.4.2016 Rs.25,000
4. Subscriptions Received in Advance as on 31.3.2017 Rs.30,000

Ascertain the amount of income from subscriptions for the year 2016–17 and show how relevant items of subscriptions appear in opening and closing balance sheets.

Solution

Alternately, income received from subscriptions can be calculated by preparing a Subscriptions account as under.

Subscription Account

Relevant items of subscription can be shown in the opening and closing balance sheet as under:

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2014

Relevant data only

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2015

Relevant data only

 

Revision 6

Extracts of Receipt and Payment Account for the year ended March 31, 2017 are given below:

Receipt                                                                          Subscriptions (Rs.)

2015-16                                                                                 2,500

2016-17                                                                                 26,750

2017-18                                                                                 1,000

       30,250

Additional Information:

Total number of members: 230. Annual membership fee: Rs. 125.

Subscriptions outstandings on April 1, 2016: Rs. 2,750.

Prepare a statement showing all relevant items of subscriptions viz., income, advance, outstandings, etc.

Solution

Amount of subscription due for the year 2016-17 irrespective of cash Rs. 28,750 (i.e. Rs. 125 × Rs. 230).

Note:  The amount of subscriptions outstanding as on 01-04-2017 has been ascertained as follows:

Revision 7

From the following extract of Receipt and Payment Account and the additional information, compute the amount of income from subscriptions and show as how they would appear in the Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending March 31, 2015 and the Balance Sheet.

Receipt and Payment  Account  for the year ending  March 31, 2015

Additional Information:

 

Solution

Income and expenditure account for the year ending on march 31, 2015

Note:  Total amount of subscriptions outstanding as on 31-3-2015 are Rs. 18,500. This, includes Rs. 1,500 (Rs. 8,500 - Rs. 7,000) for subscriptions still outstanding for 2013-14.  Hence, the subscriptions outstanding for 2014-15 are Rs. 17,000 (Rs. 18,500 - Rs. 1,500)

Balance Sheet (Relevant Data) as on  March 31, 2015

 Relevant data only

Donations:

It is a sort of gift in cash or property received from some person or organisation. It appears on the receipts side of the Receipts and Payments Account. Donation can be for specific purposes or for general purposes.

(i) Specific Donations: If donation received is to be utilised to achieve specified

purpose, it is called Specific Donation. The specific purpose can be an extension of the existing building, construction of new computer laboratory, creation of a book bank, etc. Such donation is to be capitalised and shown on the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet irrespective of the fact whether the amount is big or small. The intention is to utilise the amount for the specified purpose only.

(ii) General Donations: Such donations are to be utilised to promote the general purpose of the organisation. These are treated as revenue receipts as it is a regular source of income hence, it is taken to the income side of the Income and Expenditure Account of the current year.

Legacies:

 It is the amount received as per the will of a deceased person who may or may not specify the use of the amount. Legacies, use of which is specified are specific legacy and is shown in the balance sheet as liability. If the use is not specified it is considered as revenue nature and credited to income and expenditure account.

Life Membership Fees:

Some members prefer to pay lump sum amount as life membership fee instead of paying periodic subscription. Such amount is treated as capital receipt and credited directly to the capital/general fund.

Entrance Fees: 

Entrance fee also known as admission fee is paid only once by the member at the time of becoming a member. In case of organisations like clubs and some charitable institutions, is limited and the amount of entrance fees is quite high. Hence, it is treated as non-recurring item and credited directly to capital/general fund.

Sale of old asset:

 Receipts from the sale of an old asset appear in the Receipts and Payments Account of the year in which it is sold. But any gain or loss on the sale of asset is taken to the Income and Expenditure Account of the year. For example, if an item furniture with a book value of Rs. 800 is sold for Rs. 700, this amount of Rs. 700 will be shown as receipt in Receipts and Payments Account and Rs. 100 on the expenditure side of the Income and Expenditure Account as a loss on sale of old asset and while showing furniture in the balance sheet Rs. 800 will be deducted from its total book value.

Sale of Periodicals:

It is an item of recurring nature and shown as the income side of the Income and Expenditure Account.

Sale of Sports Materials:

 Sale of sports materials (used materials like old balls, bats, nets, etc) is the regular feature with any Sports Club. It is usually shown as an income in the Income and Expenditure Account.

Payments of Honorarium:

It is the amount paid to the person who is not the regular employee of the institution. Payment to an artist for giving performance at the club is an example of honorarium. This payment of honorarium is shown on the expenditure side of the Income and Expenditure Account.

Endowment Fund:

It is a fund arising from a bequest or gift, the income of which is devoted for a specific purpose. Hence, it is a capital receipt and shown on the Liabilities side of the Balance Sheet as an item of a specific purpose fund.

Government Grant:

Schools, colleges, public hospitals, etc. depend upon government grant for their activities. The recurring grants in the form of maintenance grant is treated as revenue receipt (i.e. income of the current year) and credited to Income and Expenditure account. However, grants such as building grant are treated as capital receipt and transferred to the building fund account. It may be noted that some Not-for-Profit organisations receive cash subsidy from the government or government agencies. This subsidy is also treated as revenue income for the year in which it is received.

Special Funds

The Not-for-Profit Organisations office create special funds for certain purposes/activities such as 'prize funds', 'match fund' and 'sports fund', etc. Such funds are invested in securities and the income earned on such investments is added to the respective fund, not credited to Income and Expenditure Account. Similarly, the expenses incurred on such specific purposes are also deducted from the special fund. For example, a club may maintain a special fund for sports activities. In such a situation, the interest income on sports fund investments is added to the sports fund and all expenses on sports deducted there from. The special funds are shown in balance sheet. However, if, after adjustment of income and expenses the balance in specific or special fund is negative, it is transferred to the debit side of the Income and Expenditure Account or adjusted as per prescribed directions. (see Illustrations 8 and 9.)

Revision 8

Show how you would deal with the following items in the financial statements of a Club:

Solution

Revision 9

(a) Show the following information in financial statements of a ' Not-for-Profit' Organisation:

(b) What will be the effect, if match expenses go up by Rs. 6,000 other things remaining the same?

Solution

(a)  Balance Sheet as on………..*

Only relevant data.

(b) If match expenses go up by Rs. 6,000, the net balance of the match fund becomes negative i.e. Debit exceeds the Credit, and the resultant debit balance of Rs. 2,000 shall be charged to the Income and Expenditure Account of that year.

Revision 10

Extract of a Receipt and Payment Account for the year ended on March 31, 2015:

Payments:  Stationery Rs. 23,000

Additional Information:

Solution

Stationery:

Normally expenses incurred on stationary, a consumable items are charged to Income and Expenditure Account. But in case stock of stationery (opening and/or closing) is given, the approach would be make necessary adjustments in purchases of stationery and work out cost of stationery consumed and show that amount in Income and Expenditure Account and its stock in the balance sheet. For example, the Receipt and Payment Account shows a payment for stationery amounting to Rs. 40,000 and there is an opening and closing stationery amounting to Rs. 12,000 and Rs. 15,000. The amount of expense on stationery will be worked out as follows:

In case stationery is also purchased on credit, the amount of its consumption will be worked out as given in Revision12.

Revision 11

Following is the Receipt and Payment Account of an Entertainment Club for the period April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017.

Receipt and Payment  Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

Additional Information

1. The club had 225 members, each paying an annual subscription of Rs. 500. Subscription outstanding as on 31 March 2016 Rs. 15,000.
2. Telephone bill outstanding for the year 2016-2017 is Rs. 2,000.
3. Locker Rent Rs. 3,050 outstanding for the year 2015-16 and Rs. 1,500 for 2016-17.
4. Salary outstanding for the year 2016-17 Rs. 4,000.
5. Opening Stock of Printing and stationery Rs. 2,000 and closing stock of printing and stationery is Rs. 3,000 for the year 2016-17.
6. On 1st April 2016 other balances were as under:
7. Depreciation Furniture and Building @ 12.5% and 5% respectively assuming that it is on reducing balance for the year ending March 31,2017

Prepare  Income  and  Expenditure  account  and  Balance  Sheet as  on that date.

Book of entertainment club

Income and expenditure account for the year ending on march 31, 2017

Solution

Balance Sheet of Entertainment Club as on March 31, 2016

 

Balance Sheet of Entertainment Club as on March 31, 2017

Revision 12

 

Prepare Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet for the year ended

March 31, 2015 from the following information.

Receipt and Payment  Account for the year ending March 31, 2015

The following additional information is provided to you:

1. There are 1800 members each paying an annual subscription of

Rs. 200, Rs. 8,000 were in arrears for 2013-14 as on April 1, 2014.

2. On March 31, 2015 the rates were prepaid to June 2015; the charge paid every year being Rs. 24,000.

3. There was an outstanding telephone bill for Rs. 1,400 on March 31, 2015.

4. Outstanding sundry expenses as on March 31, 2014 totaled Rs. 2,800.

5. Stock of stationery as on March 31, 2014 was Rs. 2000; on March 31, 2015, it was Rs. 3,600.

6. On March 31, 2014 Building stood at Rs. 4,00,000 and it was subject to depreciation @ 2.5% p. a.

7. Investment on March 31, 2014 stood at Rs. 8,00,000.

8. On March 31, 2015, income accrued on investments purchased during the year amounted to Rs. 1,500.

 

Solution

Income  and Expenditure  Account for the year ending on March 31, 2015

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2015

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2014

 Working Note :

Subscription Account 

Revision 13

Following is the Receipt and Payment Account of Friendship Club in respect of the Year on 31.3.2016

Receipt and Payment  Account for the year ending March 31, 2016.

Additional Information :

1.  There are 500 members, each paying an annual subscription of Rs. 50, Rs. 17,500 being in arrears for 2014-15 at the beginning of 2015-16. During 2014-15, subscriptions were paid in advance by 40 members for 2015-16.

2.  Stock of stationery on March 31, 2015, was Rs. 1,500 and on March 31, 2016, Rs. 2,000.

3.  On March 31, 2016, the rates and taxes were prepaid to the following January 31, the annual charge being Rs. 1,500.

4.  Telephone bill unpaid as on March 31, 2015 Rs. 3,000 and on March 31, 2016 Rs. 1,500.

5.  Sundry expenses accruing at 31.3.2015 were Rs. 250 and at March 31, 2016 Rs. 300.

6.  On March 31, 2015 Building stood in the books at Rs. 2,00,000 and it is required to write off depreciation @ 10% p.a.

7.  Value of 8% Government Securities on March 31, 2015 was Rs. 75,000 which were purchased at that date at Par. Additional Government Securities worth Rs. 25,000 are purchased on March 31, 2016.

 You are required to prepare:

(a)  An Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended on 31.3.2016 (b)  A Balance Sheet on that date.

Solution

Books of Friendship Club 

Balance sheet as on march 31, 2015

 

Income  and Expenditure  Account for the year ending on March 31, 2015

Verification: 500 x 50 = 25000.

Balance Sheet of Friendship Club as on March 31, 2016

Income and Expenditure  Account based on Trial Balance

In case of not-for-profit organisations, normally the Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet is prepared based on the Receipts and Payments Account and the additional information given. But, sometimes, the trial balance along with some additional information is given for this purpose. See Revision 14.

Revision 14

From the trial balance and other information given below for a school, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended on 31.3.2017 and a Balance Sheet as on that date:

Additional Information:

(i)  Tution fee yet to be received for the year are Rs. 25,000.
(ii)  Salaries yet to be paid amount to Rs.30,000.
(iii)  Furniture costing Rs. 40000 was purchased on October 1, 2016 was sold for Rs. 20,000.
(iv)  The book value of the furniture sold was Rs. 50,000 on April 1, 2016 was sold for Rs. 20,000.
(v)  Depreciation is to be charged @ 10% p.a. on furniture, 15% p.a. on Library books, and 5% p.a. on building.

Solution

Income  and Expenditure  Account for the year ending on March 31, 2017

 Working Notes: 

1.  As admission fee is a regular income of a school, so it has been taken as a revenue income of the school.

2.  Depreciation on furniture has been computed as following on the assumption that furniture was sold on April 1, 2016.

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2017

Revision 15

Prepare Income and Expenditure Account of Entertainment Club for the year ending March 31, 2017 and Balance Sheet as on that date from the following information:

Receipt and Payment Account For the year ending on March 31, 2017

Additional Information:

Solution

Books of Entertainment Club Income and Expenditure  Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

Balance Sheet of Entertainment Club as on March 31, 2016

Balance Sheet of Entertainment as on March 31, 2017

Note:  Interest on Prize Fund Investments @ 5% amounts to Rs. 3,000 whereas only Rs. 1,500 have been received; so the balance is treated as Accrued interest.

It is preferable to prepare separate accounts of various items involving many transactions. In this case Account for Subscription, Miscellaneous Expenses, and Sports Materials may be made as a Classroom activity.

Revision 16

Shiv-e-Narain Education Trust provides the information in regard to Receipt and Payment Account and Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended March 31st 2017:

Receipt and Payment  Account for the year ending March 31, 2017

On March 31, 2016 the following balances appeared:

Investments Rs.1, 60,000; Furniture Rs.40, 000; and Books Rs.20, 000.

Income  and Expenditure  Account for the year ending on March 31, 2017

Prepare opening and closing balance sheet

Solution

Shiv-e-Narain Education Trust Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2016

Balance Sheet of Shiv-e-Narain Education Trust as on March 31, 2017

Note:

1.  Income and Expenditure Account for the current year shows interest on investment income Rs.6,800 while Receipts and Payments Account shows the receipts of   Rs.6,000 the difference of Rs.800 means interest on investment has become due but not yet receivable  during the year.

2.  Income and Expenditure Account shows Rs.90,000 as income from Tuition fees. However, the Receipts and Payments Account shows Rs.10,000 as tuition fees received for the year 2017-18 and Rs.80,000 for 2015-16. It implies that Rs.10,000 on account of tuition fees for the year 2016-17 are still receivable (i.e. Tuition fees are outstanding).

3.  Receipt and Payment Account shows a payment of Rs.85,000 on account of staff salaries, but the Income and Expenditure Account shows expenditure of Rs.84,000 on account of staff salaries. It means the excess of Rs.1,000 shown in the Receipt and Payment Account may either belong to the pervious year or the next year. Their  is no evidence that staff salaries of Rs.1,000 was outstanding at the end of the  previous year  2013-14. This is why this payment of Rs.1,000 has been considered  as an advance salaries to the staff.

Summary

1. Difference between Profit Seeking Entities and Not-for-Profit Entities: Profit- seeking entities undertake activities such as manufacturing trading, banking and insurance to bring financial gain to the owners. Not-for-Profit entities exist to provide services to the member or to the society at large. Such entities might sometimes carry on trading activities but the profits arising therefrom are used for further the service objectives.
2. Appreciation of the need for separate Accounting Treatment for Not-for-Profit Organisations: Since not-for-profit entities are guided primarily by a service motive, the decisions made by their managers are different from those made by their counterparts in profit-seeking entities. Differences in the nature of decisions implies that the financial information on which they are based, must also be different in content and presentation.
3. Explanation of the nature of the Principal Financial Statements prepare by Not-for- Profit enterprises: Not-for-Profit Organisations that maintain accounts based on the double-entry system of accounting, generally prepare three principal statements to fulfil their information needs. These include Receipts and Payments Account, Income and Expenditure Account, and a Balance Sheet. The Receipts and Payments Account is summarised under relevant heads, cash book which records all cash Receipts and cash Payments without distinguishing between capital and revenue items, and between items relating to the current year and those relating to previous or future years. The Income and Expenditure Account is an income statement which is prepared to ascertain the excess of revenue income over revenue expenditure or vice versa, for a particular accounting year, as a result of the entity's overall activities. Although it is considered to be a substitute for the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of a profit-seeking entity, there are certain conceptual differences between the two statements. The Balance Sheet is prepared at the end of the entity's accounting year to depict the financial position on that date. It includes the Capital Fund or Accumulated Fund, special purpose funds, and current liabilities on the left hand or liabilities side, and fixed assets and current assets on the right hand or assets side.
4. Difference between the Receipt and Payment Account and the Income and Expenditure Account: Many differences exist between the Receipt and Payment Account and the Income and Expenditure Account which is evident from the nature and purpose of two statements. While the former records both capital and revenue receipts and payments relating to any accounting year, the latter records only revenue items relating to the current accounting year. Non-cash expenses such as depreciation on fixed assets and outstanding incomes and expenses are shown in the latter but omitted in the former. The Receipt and Payment Account has an opening balance while the Income and Expenditure Account does not. The closing balance of the former account represents cash and bank balances on the closing date while in the latter account it indicates surplus or deficit from the activities of the enterprise.
5. Conversion of a Receipt and Payment Account into an Income and Expenditure Account: This essentially involves five steps namely, (i) adjusting the revenue receipts on the debit side to include accrued incomes and incomes relating to the current year received earlier and to exclude amounts received in arrears or in advance; (ii) adjusting revenue payments on the credit side; (iii) identifying and showing non-cash expenses and losses on the debit side of the Income and Expenditure Account; (iv) computing and showing profits/losses from trading and/or social activities on the credit/debit side of the Income and Expenditure Account; and (v) ascertaining the surplus or deficit as the closing balance of the Income and Expenditure Account.