Disorders of Circulatory System

 Disorders of Circulatory System 

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):

Hypertension is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80).

In this measurement, 120 mm Hg (millimetres of mercury pressure) is the systolic, or pumping, pressure and 80 mm Hg is the diastolic, or resting, pressure.

If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over 90) or higher, it shows hypertension.

High blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affects vital organs like brain and kidney.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.

Angina:

It is also called 'angina pectoris'.

A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.

Angina can occur in men and women of any age but it is more common among the middle-aged and elderly.

It occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow.

Heart Failure:

Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body.

It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.

Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply).

Concept Builder

1. Lowest level of glucose is in hepatic vein.

2.  Highest levels of amino acids are present In hepatic vein.

3. Highest level of urea is in hepatic vein and towest in renal vein.

4. Largest vein in human body-Inferior vena cava.

5. Largest Artery-Aorta.

6.  Smallest blood vessel in the body-Blood capillary.

7. The giraffe's blood pressure may be the highest of all animals because it has to pump the blood to the head through long neck.

8. One species of Antarctic fish is the only fish known to have white blood. It has no red pigment in its blood.

9. Frog has two pairs of lymph hearts to pump lymph back into veins.

10. Thrombopenia: Decrease in biood platelet count.

11. Erythropoietin: Hormone secreted by the juxta-glomerular cells of the kidneys.

12. Circulatory shunts in foetus.

Foetus bypasses pulmonary system through two shunts-foramen ova Ie (opening in interatrial septum) and ductus arteriosus (connection between dorsal aorta and pulmonary arCh). Shunts are sealed after birth.

13. Lung fish has 3 chambered heart: two auricles and one ventricle.

14. Crocodiles, alligators and gavialis have four chambered heart (two auricles and two ventricles).

15. The heart of fish is called venous heart because it receives and pumps deoxygenated blood.

16. In human heart, auricles are called atria (Sing. atrium).

17. Nereis and Amphioxus do not have heart. Heart of prawn contains oxygenated blood.

18. There is single blood circulation in fish heart. Hearts of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have double blood circulation. Foramen of Panizzae is present in between two systemic arches (they arise from the heart) of the heart of lizard and crocodiles. Average human heart is about 12 cm. Average weight of human heart-male 300g, female 250 g. The opening of the coronary sinus into the right atrium is guarded by Thebesian valve. The opening of inferior vena cava into the fight atrium has I:ustachian valve. Fossa ovalis is a depression on the interatrial septum.

19. Coronary angiography : When the contrast medium dye is injected in coronary arteries (arteries of heart) and pictures are taken, it is known as coronary angiography.

20. Excess calcium ions cause increased heart beat.

21. RBCs fail to mature if there is a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ and folic acid.

22. Papillary muscles are found in heart of mammals.

23. Keber's organs or pericardial glands discharge excretory products into the pericardial cavity in the fresh water mussel.

24. A "Blue baby" is the name given to an abnormal human baby who has a hole in the auricular or ventricular septum so that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing take place.

25. An insect larva has red blood. The larva of genus Chironomusis called 'Blood worm'. The red colour of this larva is due to haemoglobin, which has the power of attracting and storing oxygen and giving it off to the tissues as they require it. Such larva are able to live in burrows constructed by it in the mud.

26. Vasa Vasorum are blood vessels which supply blood to the blood vessels itself.

27. Blue Whale has the largest heart.

28. Cardiomegaly is heart enlargement.

29. Angiology: Study of blood vascular and lymphatic systems.

30. Venoms of Bee and Cobra contain lecithinases which when injected into the blood stream by sting or bite break down lecithins and produce lysolecithins which in turn cause rupturing of RBC cell-membrane (cell-lysis).

31. Marey's law: Heart rate is inversely related to the systemic B.P.