Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state
 

Thinking about challenges : 
Serious challenges democracy faces all over the world. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. Different countries face different kinds of challenges. 
1. In non-democratic government countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involve keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 
2. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involve giving greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. 
3. Deepening of Democracy : This involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world. It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people' participation and control. 

Thinking about political reforms : 
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called  'democracy reform' or 'political reform'. All the countries do not have the same challenges, so it cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms. 
Some crucial question need to be thought at the State and local level. So, we think of some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India:

1. It is very tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics. But this temptation need to be resisted. Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms should be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movement and politically conscious citizens. 
 2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politic. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good thing have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. 
3. The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizen. 
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Redefining Democracy :
    1.    Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 
    2.    The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 
    3.    Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current ruler. 
    4.    This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 
    5.    The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of constitution and citizens right 

Illustration 10     
What type of challenge is faced by a non - democratic country for democratic set - up?
Solution: 
The countries which are still not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting a democratic government
(a)     This involves:
 ·      Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime
 ·      Keeping military away from controlling government and 
·       Establishing a sovereign and functional state