INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

INTRODUCTION 
Globalisation is a phenomenon of developing international relations has emerged since the last 50 years or so. Although the process has started much earlier. This topic deals with the various events of the history which have led to the development of Globalisation. This topic deals with various routes, products and events which have led to the formation of the Global world in the ancient history in ninteenth century. The interwar economy and the post-war era has shown that how it has progressed before the industrial revolution, during the industrial revolution, the industrialisation in the colonies, the events at the time of decolonisation and the begining of independence. 

Important Terms
Flow-Learning

Words that Matter
Silk Route : The route taken by traders to carry silk cargos from China to the West.
Dissenter : One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured labour : A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his-passage to a new country or home.
Tariff : Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e. at the border or at the airport.
Fixed exchange rates : When exchange rates are fixed and the governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Floating exchange rate : These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Coolies: Indian indentured labourers were referred to as coolies in the Caribbean islands.

PRE-MODERN WORLD
The pre-modern World
The making of the global world has a long history - of trade,  of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much more.
 From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BC an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millenniam, comes (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

Silk routes link the World
The name silk routes points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrieved almost till the fifteenth century.

Food Travel: Spaghetti and Potato
It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta in fifth-century to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
Similar foods were also known in India and Japan.    Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.
These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent. 
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The European poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.    
Tranfer of Disease helped in colonisalion of America.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
    1.    Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. 
    2.    Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Europe in 19th Century
    1.    Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
    2.    Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. 
    3.    Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. 
    4.    Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here, by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Illustration 1
    Which factors have contributed towards the making of the global world?
Solution
    (i) Trade                (ii) Migration
    (iii) People in search of jobs        (iv) movement of capital etc.

Illustration 2
    What things travellers carried with them when they moved in search of knowledge, opportunities, spritual fulfillment or to escape perscecution?
Solution
    They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.

Illustration 3
    Which routes were linked by silk route?
Solution
    Silk routes connected Asia with Europe and north Africa.

Illustration 4
    Which commodities were traded through silk routes?
Solution
    Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.