Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?

Print, Culture and the Modern World
    The first printed books
    (i)    The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From ad 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there, against the inked surface of woodblock. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craft men could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy; the beauty of calligraphy.,
    (ii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 
        1.    Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
        2.    Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
        3.    Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
        4.    The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
        5.    Rich women began to- read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
        6.    Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives

    Print in Japan
    (i)    Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around ad 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in ad 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
    (ii)    Pictures were printed on textiles, Joining cards and paper money-In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
    (iii)    Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings deiced an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.
    (iv)    Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various types, books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

Print Comes to Europe
    Coming of Woodblock Print to China
    (i)    In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
    (ii)    Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
    (iii)    China already had the technology of woodblock printing.
    (iv)    Then 1295 Marco polo brought this- knowledge back with him to Italy.
    (v)    Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
    (vi)    Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 
        1.    As the demand for books increased, book sellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
        2.    Books fairs were held at different places.
        3.    Production of hand written manuscripts was also organized in new ways stop meet the expanded demand.
        4.    scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.

    Limitations of Manuscripts
    1.    Copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business.
    2.    Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
        The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-Known printing press in the 1430s.

    Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agriculture estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing of this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types. For the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system,. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

    Features of New Books
    1.    infant, printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
    2.    The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
    3.    Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
    4.    In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Illustration 1
    (i)    What kind of printing developed in China, Japan and Korea ?
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    How bureaucratic system was recruited in China ? How it affected Print ?
    (iv)    What do you mean by blooms of urban culture in China ?
Solution
    (i)    Hand Printing
    (ii)    Which book of China was folded and stitched at the side ?
    (iii)    China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personal through civil service     examination. With increase in the number of candidates the volume of Print increased.
    (iv)    It mean that print was no more used by just scholar officials. It was used by various other sections of society like Merchants, writers, rich women etc.

    Try yourself
1    How print affected the life of women in China?
2    Who introduced printing technology in Japan? 
3    Which is the oldest Japanese book When it was printed?
4    What was the earlier name of Tokyo?
5    Who brought printing technology from China to Europe?
6    Which was the first book printed in Gutenberg press?