The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

notes added by teacher Sudhanshu Sharma in Sagar Daksh Social Science Book > Unit 1 India and the Contemporary World - II > 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: > The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s.

No need to add notes on this topic by teacher Manas Kapoor.

French Revolution: Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist  has given a clear view of French Revolution and its ideology of Liberty ,Equality and Fraternity. America ,Switzerland ,France ,and other European Nations were in the era of Reform and Revolution from 1789,to 1830 to 1848. Germany was also strugglimg by that time for its state wise identity. Whatever is shown in the pic in the Chapter ,is what is being discussed in this Chapter. Nationalism came out as a pushing force in Europe in the 19th century. In general in all the nations new Middle class emerged as against the Aristrocrat Regime.It was not willing to accept the autocracy. So small identities and small Nation States made their existence felt all over europe.

French Revolution paved the way for other nations too to begin the fight against Monarchy and Dictatorial Regime and replacing it with Democratic rule.The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. First Estate-Preists,Second Estate-Nobility and Third Estate -Common People, all the three had their existence but Liberty equality and fraternity eradicated the priviledges of First and Second Estate to bring in equal terms to Third Estate.Finally General Assembly consisted of fully the members of Third Estate.

Liberal Nationalism:French Revolution activated Jacobians Clubs inother Nations too.Nationalism ,thus ,embeded in all over europe.All the nations optedfor liberal Democratic rule instead of Autocracy of the rulers. Voting rights were equally available for all citizens witout any discrimination of caste or creed.Universal Suffrage became the cheif feature of the NAtionalism in Europe.

From the economic point of view Liberalism became a symbol for free trade. Trade witout any restrictions gave liberal markets to the European Nations,too.Napolean's Confederation of 39 principalities with equal trade rules ,fares and currencies brought economic uniformities. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. This was helpful in political and economic unification of Nations like France, Germany and Italy.

A new Conservatism after 1815:  Defeat of Napolean gave impetus to conservative forces to bring back the autocracy of Monarchy and other priveledges to higher strata. But few changes they accepted  such as end of feudalism and abolition of disparities in economic fields, this might enhance the power of Monarchs in the contemporary Europe.

After defeating Napolean Britain ,Prussia ,Russia and Austria conducted Vienna Congress to maintain their hegemony in the International World and the balance of Power.Hence once again Conservative Regimes were formed after 1815.They were against the freedom and liberal ideas and were more autocratic.

The Revolutionaries:Many Revolutionaries went underground due to fear of repressive measures taken by Autocratic Government, but MAzzini and Garribaldi enrolled in secret Societies like Carbonaries. Young Italy was another such organisation of Revolutionaries. Following such examples secret societies were formed by Revolutionaries in Switzerland, Germany , Italy and Other nations.

The Age of Revolutions 1830-1848:  When Conservative Government were trying to expand ,liberal Revolutionaries tried to reestablish themselves in Germany ,Italy and France. Bourborn Dynasty in France was replaced by Louis Phillipe's Constitutional Monarchy, in France. Another important event was the Greek War of Independence, which changed the supremacy of Ottoman Empire.Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.It was largely appreciated by poets and writers in all over Europe.

Visualising tyhe Nation:

Romantic Imagination and National Feelings; Not  only wars but cultural activities also played a vital role in enhancing the feelings of Nationalism and reviving the art and culture of separate states.Humanitarian measures, emotions and feelings were aroused through cultural belongings.The German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.Folk art, songs and music were patronised and promoted to save the identity of each culture of even small states. Language, specially Vernacular Languages played connecting role in the nations like Britain ,United States, Russia,

Hunger, Hardships and Powerful Revolts: 1830 ws the time of economic hardship for European nations. Unemployment was the major issue .Population growth was another disturbing factor.Rural folks started migrating from villages to towns, being tortured by feudal lords.1848 witnessed food shortage and unemployment due to increasing population. Louis Phillipes was replaced and National Assembly proclaimed a republic in France giving votinf right( suffrage) to all male adults above 21 years of age.

Silesia workers were also revolting against the contractors as the labour were forced to hand over raw material at a very low rate and finished goods were also at very low price to contractors refraining the profit of the workers

.1848:The Revolution of the Liberals :  Gradually the revolts began by educated middleclass workers and peasants against the atrocities of ruling class. In France Monarch was replaced by a Republican Government, selected by the educated Middle Class, later followed by other european Nations, too.In Germany Italy the process of unification began.Extending rights to women was also considered by middle class as a prime factor to select any ruling party for support.Though Autocratic government tried to suppress this revolutionariey tendencies.

The Making of Germany and Italy:  German Architect wanted to maintain the unity  of Germany with democratic national sentiments and similarly other nations also did the same.Unification of Germany and Italy  was the result of revolutionary ideologies and this was the result of extreme Nationalism.Mazzini, Cavour  and Garibaldi profused the feelings of patriotism.

The Strange Case of Britain : In Britain Religion was the major line of division between catholic and Protestant states ,so the unification of all catholic and all Protestant states  merged as a Nationalistic approach in Britain.

Visualising The Nation: A new ideology of representing  nation in a female figures came into being after Revolutions,Statue of Liberty and female allegories for nations became the fashion of the day.Marianne, a popular Christian name, given to France is a fine example of this.Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

Nationalism and Imperialism:  Disintegration of Balcan gave another new wave of Imperialism as broken states were the bone of contention for several nations and they wanted to take away the previous share of Ottoman Empire on the name of race, creed or religion and wanted to increase their boundaries.All the powerful nations were keeping an eagle eye on disintegrated parts of Ottoman Empire. As a result different states like Slovenia,Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.But all this came under Ottoman Empire,This Created tension in this area.As all these states were trying to make themselves free, they came in conflict.Gradually Common interest of the big nations favoured imperialism and this ultimately led to First World War in 1914.Thus the different ideologies of ationalism ultimately fired the winds of World War in return.Later on Societies understood the real meaning of Nationalism and worked together for mutual peace and Nationalism.