INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

INTRODUCTION : 
Power sharing is an essential feature of democracy. The power is shared by different groups and organisation in various ways. In a country there are various organisations which have 
different interest and different view points. These organisation create pressure over the government for promoting the interest of their own community. They act as interest groups or pressure groups. In the subsequent chapter we will be discussing the pressure groups or interest groups and various movements for attaining any one objectives or few objectives.

popular struggles in nepal and bolivia :    
Nepal
Do you remember the story of the triumph of democracy in Poland? We studied it last year in the first chapter of class IX. The story reminded us about the role played by the people in the making of democracy. Let us read two recent stories of that kind and see how power is exercised in democracy.
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.
Nepal, was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that it had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head ot the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarch) to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared.to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 
This protest soon turned into an indefinite strike in which Maoist insurgents and various other organisations joined hands. People defied curfew and took to the streets. 
The security forces found themselves unable to take on more than a lakh people who gathered almost every day to demand restoration of democracy. The number of protesters reached between three to five lakhs on 21 April and they served an ultimatum to the king.
The leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions made by the king. 

Demands of The Napelese leader    
    1.     Restoration of parliament, 
    2.     Power to an all-party government and  
    3.     A new constituent assembly.
            On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands.
    1.    The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 
    2.    The restored parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
    3.     The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent Assembly was going to be elected. 
    4.    This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy, the struggle of 
            the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

Bolivia
The story of Poland and that of Nepal apply to the struggle for establishing or restoring democracy. But the role of popular struggles does not come to an end with the establishment of democracy. People’s successful struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Cause of Water War
1.   Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply .
2.   The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where average income is around Rs 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
Bolivias Water War
1.  In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.
2. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
3.  The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

Illustration 1
    What was the root cause of Bolivian problem?
Solution
    Water privatisation

Illustration 2
    Who were the members of FEDECOR orgenisation?
Solution
    Local professionals including engineers and environmentalists.

Illustration 3
    In which city of Bolivia the water problem arose?
Solution
   Cochambaba

pressure groups and movements:
Pressure Groups
1. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.
2. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Movement
A movement is a form of collective action launched by people having common interest or concern.
1.    It also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. 
2.    Movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. 
3.    They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Eg. of movements are :Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, 
Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s Movement, Environmental Movement. 

Related Topic Name

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