Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.

Rainwater harvesting
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
 In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater. river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. 
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agricultures.
Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the “khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

3(i)    In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan. particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 
The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. 
The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 
Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

3(ii)    Roof top rain water harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km   from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve watery.
In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka. villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. 
Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1.000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00.000 litres.
Illustration 13
“Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem”. comment.
Solution
    Flood and famines are the two sides of the same problem because both are related to availablility of water either in excess or in paucity.
    These problems can be solved by proper management of water i.e. channlising surplus water to deficient areas.

Illustration 14
    What is the need to conserve water ?
Solution
    Need for water conservation is due to
    1. With economic growth and urbanization the requirement of water is multiplying fast.
    2. Although water is a renewable resource but the rate of replenishment is low in comparision to its entraction.
    3. Over use of water resources has also adversly affected the quality of water.