Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms. Notes NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science : EduMple

Cropping Pattern
   Types of Crops grown in India
   (i)    Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
   (ii)    Foddar: Millets, Grasses
   (iii)    Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
   (iv)    Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
   (v)    Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
   (vi)    Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
   In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
   (i) The variations in soil       (ii) Different climatic zones   (iii) Different cultivation practices
   Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8

(i)   Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)   Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)   Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution
   (i)   East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
   (ii)   Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
   (iii)   Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice
(i)    Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
(ii)    In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

Geographical Condition
(i)    It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)    High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)    It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)   Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)   In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)   In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
(i)   South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
(ii)   North West
(iii)   Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice
(i) Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
(ii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

Geographical Condition
(i)    It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)    High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)    It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
(i)    It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
(ii)    There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.

Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
(ii) It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii) this required loamy and black soil.

Producing states
The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i) Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii) These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value.
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage.
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
Ragi is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like
(i)    Tubewells and pumps
(ii)    Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)    Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)    HYV seeds
(v)    Fertilisers
(vi)    New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)    Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.