The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?

The Limits of Civil Disobedience


    (i)    Untouchables: 
        From around the 1930s they had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
        But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
        Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

    (ii)    Poona Pact:
        When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
        It gave the Depressed Classes, later to be known as the Schedule Castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
        The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

    (iii)    Muslim political organisations
        After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
        Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
        The important difference were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

    (iv)     Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.
        But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.
        When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Illustration 7
    What was the main motive of setting up Swaraj Party?
Solution
    The main motive was to participate in elections of provincial council and to oppose British policies from within the council.

Illustration 8
    Why Simon commission was appointed?
Solution
    Simon commission was appointed under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Illustration 9
    On what conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates?
Solution
    On following conditions M.A. Jinnah was willing to give up demand for separate electrode
    (i)    If Muslims were assured reserved seats in central Assembly
    (ii)    Reservation in proportion to populations in muslim dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab.

    Try yourself
7.    On what conditions Gandhi ji agreed to participate in Round table  Conference?
8.    What was Poona Pact?