the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.