Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation

Land degradation and conservation measures : 
Land Degradation : 

Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposites.

Wastelands : 

.

Causes of Land Degradation : 
(i) Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(ii) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
(vi) In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Conservation measures : 
(i)  Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(iii) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can        reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Illustration 15 :    Name two states which suffer from deforestation due to minning.
Solution :            Jharkhand and Orissa

Illustration 16 :  Name two states where overgrazing is the major cause of land degradation.
Solution :          Gujarat & Rajasthan

Illustration 17 :   What is the major cause of land degradation is Punjab?
Solution :           Over irrigation