Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.