How has the gender division shaped politics?

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology. 

INTRODUCTION 
    Political expression of social differences is possible and sometime quite desirable in a democratic system. Gender, religion and caste are three kind of social differences that can take form of the social diffrences divisions and inequalities. In each case we look at the nature of this division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. We will also discuss that what is the role of these divisons in a democracy.

Gender and Politics
Public / Private division
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families:  women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
1.  Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. 
2. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women. 
3.  In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL society. Women race disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
1.The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. 
2.On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 3.The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
4.In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. 
5.There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation
Many feminists and women’s movements conclude that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. One way to ensure this is to have more women as elected representatives.
1.In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. 
2.In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
3.One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities — are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. 

Illustration 1
    Which form of social divison is rarely recognised in the study of politics?
Solution
    Gender divison is a form of hierarchical social divison seen everywhere but is rarely recognised in the study of politics.
Illustration 2
    What are the base of gender divison?
Solution
    The gender divison is based on social expectations and stereotypes, it is not based on biology.