Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.