Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?

 

Conservation of minerals


    Q.    Why is there a need to conserve minerals?
    (i)    The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust.
    (ii)    We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
    (iii)    Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decreased in quality.
    Measures to conserve the minerals
    (i)    The minerals should be used in a planned way so that these can be used in judicious way.
    (ii)    Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
    (iii)    Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
    (iv)    Export of minerals should be minimised
    (v)    We should think about the use of substitutes in order to save minerals.
    (vi)    We should encourage recycling of metals.

 

 

Illustration 5
    In which areas we have petroleum deposits?
Solution
    Gujrat and Assam regions.
                    
Illustration 6
    Which region is devoid of minerals and why?
Solution
    Alluvial plains of North India is devoid of minerals because of differences in geological formations, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
                    
Illustration 7
    What is the share of ferrous minerals of the total value of production of mettalic minerals?
Solution
    It accounts for three fourth of the total value of ferrous minerals.
                    
Illustration 8
    In which part of India we have my reserves of high grade iron ore deposits of haemetite?
Solution
    Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of Chattisgarh.
                    
Illustration 9
    Which iron ore mine is the heighest peak of Western Ghats of Karnataka?
Solution
    Kndremukh mines.

 

Energy Resources

Coal
    In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    Uses:    
    1.    It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
    2.    It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
    3.    India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
    Formation:
    Coal is formed  due  the  compression  of plant material  over millions of years. The variety of coal depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

Petroleum
    Uses    
    1.    Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing   industries.
    2.    Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3.    Transport sector.
    Occurrances
    1.    Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
    2.    In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
        The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from  rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
    3.    Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas. being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
    Distribution
    1.    Assam – Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields of Assam are :
        (i)     The Digboi : It is the oldest coal field of India.
        (ii)     The Naharkatiya : It is located in the south-west of Digboi.
        Rudrasagar, Sib Sagar and Moran-Hugrijan are other major oil fields of Assam.
    2.    Oil fields in Western India : This includes the oil fields of Gujarat and the offshore oil fields of Mumbai High.
    3.    Gujarat : Gujarat produces 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.
    4.    Off-shore oil fields : The largest mineral oil deposits of India are found in the off-shore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra about 
176 km northwest of Mumbai and Bassein in the Gulf of combay.

Natural Gas
    Uses
    (i)     It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
    (ii)    It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
    (iii)    For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
    (iv)    It is easy to transport through gas pipe lines.

Distribution
    1.    Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
    2.    Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
    3.    Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
    Electricity
    Elecctricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Electricity

For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Nuclear energy is the hope of Future
    Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
    Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is aiso rich in thorium.
    Pressing need to use Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.

 

    Which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
    Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
    Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.
    1.    Solar Energy has a bright future in India
        (i)     Location of India : India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
        (ii)     Thar desert: India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
        (iii)     Different uses : Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refregerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
        (iv)     Developing country : India is a developing country so there is every possibility of increase in consumption of power. Non-renewable sources of energy are in short supply so the solar energy can supplement the non-renewable sources of energy.
        The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
    2.    Wind power
        1.    India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 
        2.    Apart from these. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. 
        3.    Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
    3.    Biogas (Twin benefits to the farmers production)
        Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas. which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
        The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. 
        These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
        It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
    4.    Tidal Energy
        Method of Production 
        Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. 
        After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
        In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

    5.    Geo Thermal Energy
        Method of production
        1.    Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. 
        2.    Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. 
        3.    Groundwater In such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
        Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    

Conservation of Energy 
    Conservation of Energy Resources is Necessary
    1.    Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national 
economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. 
    2.    The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for conservation of energy.
    Method of conserving energy according to “Energy conservation Act”.
    For conservation of energy resources in India an Energy Conervation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect into effect in March 2002. It provides measures for efficient use of energy and its conservation. To conserve energy we should:
    1.    Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
    2.    Switch off electricity whenever not required.
    3.    Use power saving devices.
    4.    Check the power equipment regularly.
    5.    Emphasise on greater use of non conventional sources of energy.

Energy Resources

  •         Energy is an indispensable requirement in modern life.
  •         Electricity is used to operate various kinds of machines.
  •         Availability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities.

 

Non-conventional Sources of Energy
    The non-conventional sources of energy, namely Sun, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material, have gained importance in recent years. The non-conventional sources are abundant, renewable, pollution-free and ecofriendly. Therefore, this energy has a bright future. The non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW.

Conservation of Energy Resources
         An Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted, which came into effect in March 2002.

    To conseve energy we should:
         Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
         Switch off electricity whenever not required.
         Use power-saving devices.
         Check the power equipments regularly.
        Emphasise on greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Illustration 10
    Which energy resources are polluting in nature?
Solution
    Conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. 

Illustration 11
    Which are the major coal fields in India.
Solution
    Tertiary coal fields and Gondwana coal fields.

Illustration 12
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for which industries?
Solution
    Petroleum refinary acts as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer & numerous chemical industries.

Illustration 13
    In which occurences petroleum is found?
Solution
    Petroleum is found in anticlins and fault traps associated with rock formations of tertiary age.

Illustration 14
    Where natrual gas is found?
Solution
    Natural gas is found in the oil fields above the layers of the oil.

    Try yourself:
11.    Which areas are offshore fields of India?
12.    In which areas we find Gondwana coal reserves?
13.    Which are the major oil producing regions of Assam?
14.    Which are the two forms of natural gas?
15.    What are floodgate dams?