Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
 

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
The widespread use of coal in home and industries  raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air.
Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation.
    In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.