Chapter 7: Life Lines of National Economy

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In this chapter we shall read about different means of transport and communication and achievements made by India in the field of trade and commerce. Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin word, ‘trans’ meaning across and ‘portare’ means to carry. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, transport of people or goods and services make up a large broad and important sector of most national economics, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Communication is a process the allows organisms to exchange information by several methods communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. 

Important terms
    ·      Density of Roads : The length of road per sq. km. of area is known as density of roads.
    ·      State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
    ·      District Roads : Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district roads.
    ·      Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : These are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers.
    ·      Rural Roads : Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
    ·      Border roads. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads.

Transport and Communication :
Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development.
Movement of these goods and services can be over land, water and air. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. Efficient and fast moving transport is possible because of equally developed communication transport; communication and trade are complementary to each other.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and Internet, etc. has been contributing to socio economic progress in many ways. The trade from local to international levels has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life.

Roadways :
    India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million Km. Road ways have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
    (a)    Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines
    (b)    Roads can traverse comparatively rough terrain.
    (c)    Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and such as the Himalayas.
    (d)    Roads transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distance.
    (e)    It also provide door to door service
    (f)    Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transports such as they provide a link between railways stations, air and seaports.
        ·    Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
            1.    Project links Delhi - Kolkata- chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six - lane super highways.
            2.    The north south corridors linking Srinagar(J & K) and kanyakumari (Tamil nadu)
            3.    East west corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are port of this project.
            4.    The major objective of these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
            5.    The national highways authority of India (NHAI) is implementing these highways projects.

        ·    National Highways
            1.    Link extreme parts of the country.
            2.    The historical Sher shah Suri marg is called National Highway No1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

·    State Highways :
            1.    Roads linking a state capital with different District Head quarters.
            2.    These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works department (PWD) in state and Union Territories.
        ·    District Roads :
            1.    These roads connect the District head quarters with other place of the District.
            2.    The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.
 ·    Other Roads:
            1.    Rural roads, which link rural area and villages with Towns.
            2.    These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak yojana.
            3.    Special Provision are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season Motor able road.
·    Border Roads:
1.    Border roads Organization a government of India undertaking constructs and maintain roads in the bordering area of the country.
2.    These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficulty terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of material used for their construction. 
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in density from only 12.14 km Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerela national average is 142.68 km. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. The national Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

Illustration 1
    Why are railways important?
Solution
    Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic, freight and passengers.

Illustration 2
    What are National Highways?
Solution
    National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. They are constructed and maintained by the central government.

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution

Tourism as a Trade :
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Over 5.78 million foreign tourists visit India in 2010. Tourism is important because:
1.    Promotes national integration.
2.    Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
3.    It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, culture tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Rajasthan, goa , Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the northeastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas. But due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far.

Illustration 10
    Describe the new developments in means of communication in India.
Solution
    (i)    Knowledge based information technology via internet. One can access information from universities, libraries, museums, etc. anywhere in the                      world. 
    (ii)    Cellular (mobile) phones and convergence of telephone, television, voice mail and even print media.
    (iii)    Telex services, E-mail and internet are becoming popular.
    (iv)    Cable television is revolutionising entertainment and communication.
    (v)    Essential services like emergency, hospital, banking shopping, railway and air booking services, etc. are now available via internet or telephone.

Illustration 11
    What is mass communication?
Solution
    Radio, Television, Films, Newspapers, Print media are means of mass media in India. At present there are 200 Radio (Akashwani) stations with 327 transmitters. Doordarshan, started in 1959, the national television service of India with 897 transmitters. It serves 87% of our population; watched by 350 million viewers. Its commercial ads brought revenue of Rs.17,000 million in 2001. Films are produced in all the languages. There are 50,000 newspapers and periodicals published in India. Satellites like INSAT-1, B, 2-B, 2-D, etc. have helped in promoting these telecommunications.

Illustration 12
    Distinguish between Personal Communication and Mass Communication.
Solution