Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Notes NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science : EduMple

Production is one of the most important Economic activity. The development of Economic activity of any country is judged from the role of manufacturing sector in that economy. Larger share of manufacturing sector in G.D.P. shows a higher level of economic growth and development of economy. By developing of the industries a strong base can be created for the development of Agriculture, and other allied services. This chapter deals with the importance of the industry and main features of the major industries of India including those based of agriculture, minerals etc. The chapter also deals with the contribution of Industry to the National economy of India and the factors which help in ideal location for establishing industries. The chapter also explains about the types of pollution caused by industries and their solutions.

MANUFACTURING

   Production of goods in large quantities after processing from a raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
   Example :
   ·   Paper is manufactured from word, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from ore and aluminium from bauxite.
   ·   People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods. The workers employed factories, car. breweries, textile industries etc fall into this category. Some people are employed in providing services.

   Importance of Manufacturing
   The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
   Manufacturing sector is considered the back bone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because-
   ·   Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture, which from the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
   ·   Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
   ·   Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and bring in much needed foreign exchange.
   ·   Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

   Agriculture and industry are not exclusive are not exclusive of each other. They move Hand in Hand
   ·   The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
   ·   They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
   ·   Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.
   ·   In the present day world of globalization, our industry needs to be more and more competitive . Self sufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods nust be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to complete in the international market.

   Contribution of Industry of National Economy
   ·   The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around
7 per cent annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 percent.
   ·   With appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.
   ·   The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objectives.

   Industrial Locations
   Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by availability of
   1. Raw materials;   2. labour,   3. capital,   4. Power and    5. market. Etc.
   It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently,
   1.   Manufacturing activity tends to located at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost.
   2.   After an industrial activity starts, urbanization follows, Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Thus, industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.
   3.   Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc, to the industry.
   Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.
   In the pre- Independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places from the point of view of overseas trade such as Mumbai. Kolkata. Chennai, etc. Consequently. There emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban centres surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.

   Classification of Industries
   1.   On the basis of source of raw materials used
       ·   Agro based : Cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
       ·   Mineral based : iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machines tools, petrochemicals.
   2.   According to their main role :
       ·   Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
       ·   Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
   3.   On the basis of capital investment :
       (i)    A small scale industry, is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. A present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
       (ii)     If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large scale industry.

   4.   On the basis of ownership :
       ·   Public sector, industries owned operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
       ·   Private sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals – TISCO, Bajaj auto Ltd. Dabur industries etc.
       ·   Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
       ·   Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resource and the share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
   5.   Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods :
       ·   Heavy industries such as iron and steel
       ·   Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries, yarn etc.

Illustration 1
   (i)   What are household industries?
   (ii)   Define manufacturing ?
   (iii)   Which is basic raw materials used to manufacture aluminium ?
   (iv)   which product is needed for manufacture of paper ?
   (v)   People employed in which activity manufacture the primary materials into finished goods ?
Solution
   (i)   Those industries which are organized at domestic level and unusually family members work in these.
   (ii)   Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
   (iii)   Bauxite
   (iv)   Wood pulp
   (v)   Secondary activities

   Try yourself
1.   How can we measure the economic strength of the country ?
2.   Which sector is considered as the backbone of development in general ?
3.   How industries help in reducing pressure from agriculture ?
4.   What was the main philosophy behind public sector and joint sector industries ?
5.   How regional disparities can be brought down by industries ?

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES :
Eg. Cotton , jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar and edible oil.

   Textile Industry :
   Textile Industry Occupies a unique position in the Indian Economy because
   1.   Is contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent)
   2.   Employment generation ( 35 million persons directly the second largest next to agriculture)
   3.   Foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent)
   4.   It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
   5.   It is the only industry in the country, which is self reliant and complete in the value chain i.e. from raw materials to the highest value added products.

   Cotton Textiles :
   ·   In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th centuries, power-looms came into use.
   ·   Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not complete with the mill-made cloth from England.

   The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
   The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.
   1.   In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
   2.   Availability of raw cotton market transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate etc.contributed towards its localization.
       This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in spinning, ginning, dyeing, designing, packaging , tailoring and sewing.
       This industry by creating demands supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

   While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralized
   ·   To provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloorn and in mills.
   ·   India exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France . East European countries, Nepal , Singapore, Shri Lanka, and African countries.

· The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
· There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry.As a result many of our spinners of cotton imported cotton while apparel garment manufactures have to import fabric.

   Problem of Textile industry:
   1.   Power supply is erratic.
   2.   Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
   3.   The low output of labour
   4.   stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

   Jute Textile
   India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second places as an exporter after Bangladesh. There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt (98 km long and 3 km wide).
   Factors responsible for their location the Hugli basin are
   1.   Proximity of the jute producing areas.
   2.   Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
   3.   Abundant water for processing raw jute.
   4.   Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orrisa and Uttar Pradesh,
   5.   Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

   Challenges faced by the industry.
   1.    stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and
   2.   from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
   Steps, taken by the government to encourage jute industries:
   (I)    the internal demand has been on the increase due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging in government departments.
   (II)    To stimulated demand the products need to be diversified
   (III)    In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objectives of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.
   (IV)   Moreover the growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products..

   Sugar Industry
   ·   India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.
   ·   The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. So distribution the mills may be ideally located near sugarcane feilds.
   ·   Major Producers are - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra pradeshGujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.

   In recent years there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the south and western states.
   1.   This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
   2.   The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
   3.   Moreover, the cooperative are more successful in these states.

   Major challenges
   1.   The seasonal nature of the industry
   2.   old and inefficient methods of production
   3.    transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximize the use of baggase.

Illustration 2
   (i)   Which industries are called agro based industries ?
   (ii)   What is the contribution of Textile in total agricultural production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings ?
   (iii)   What is the contribution of textile industry in G.D.P. ?
   (iv)    Which industry is complete in the value chain and self relient ?
   (v)   What do you mean by complete value chain ?
Solution
   (i)   Those industries which are dependent on agriculture for their basic raw materials.
   (ii)   14% , 35 million people and 24.6% respectively
   (iii)   4 %
   (iv)   Textile industry
   (v)   The process of manufacturing from raw materials to the highest value added products.

   Try yourself
6.   Why traditional cotton textile of India suffered a set back during colonial period ?
7.   In which sector most of the cotton textile mills are situated ?
8.   In which states in the early years the cotton textile mill were situated ?
9.   Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving Khadi ?
10.   Which country imports yarn from India ?
11.   At which place of India most of the jute mills are situated ?

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY :
Industries that use minerals non metat and metals as raw materials are called minerals based industries.

   Processes of Manufacture of Steel
   The iron and Steel Industry – Basic Industry
   ·   The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries – heavy, medium and light, depend on its for their machinery.
   ·   Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction materials, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
   ·   Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development
   ·   Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
   ·   Iron ore. Coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
   ·   Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
   ·   the finished products need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
   ·   Today with 32.8 million tons of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron.
   ·   Presently, there are 10 primary integrated and many mini steel plants in India.

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric turnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.
   ·   They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. The produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
   ·   An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex – from putting together raw materials to steel making, rolling and shaping etc.
   All public sector undertaking market their steel through. Steel Authority of India Ltd.(SAIL) while TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.
   In the 1950s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel.
   Today China is the largest producer & consumer of steel.
   Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
   It is the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry, these include.
   1.   low cost of iron ore.
   2.   high grade raw materials in proximity.
   3.   cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
   4.   Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet. We are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
       (i)    High costs and limited availability of coking coal
       (ii)   Lower productivity of labour
       (iii)    Irregular supply of energy and
       (iv)    Poor infrastructure.

Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Aluminium Smelting
· Aluminium smtlting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.

   Properties
   1.   It is light-
   2.   resistant to corrosion
   3.   a good conductor of heat,
   4.   mallable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
   Uses :
   1.   It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
   2.   It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
   ·   There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the country located in Orrisa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh. Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
   ·   Bauxite, the raw materials used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
   ·   Regular supply of electricity assured source of raw materials at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.

Illustration 3
   (i)    In which category you will place Aluminium smelting according to raw material ?
   (ii)    What is the approximate ratio of Iron ore coking coal and lime stone in blast furnace for making Iron?
   (iii)    How partition of India in 1947 affected the jute industries ?
   (iv)    What is the per capita consumption of steel per annum in India ?
   (v)   In which category according to ownership and scale of production we keep Bhadrawati Steel Plant?
Solution
   (i)   Mineral based industry
   (ii)    4: 2: 1
   (iii)   Jute producing areas went to East Pakistan (Present Bangladesh) and mills remained in India.
   (iv)   32 kg
   (v)    Private sector and large Scale

   Try yourself
12.   How many primary integrated steel plants are situated in India ?
13.   In which region there is large concentration of steel plants ?
14.   Why large amount of electric is needed for Aluminium extraction ?
15.   What is the nature of Bauxite ?
16.   Why aluminium is used in aviation industry ?

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES :
   ·   It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.
   ·   It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelth place in the world in term of its size. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
   ·   Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector.
   ·   Ironganic chemicals include sulphuric acid ( used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints. Dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
   ·   Organic chemical include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and Pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
   ·   The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
   ·   Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

   Fertilizer Industry
   ·   The fertilizers industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers phosphatic fertilizers ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N). phosphate (P), and potash (K)
   ·   Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
   ·   At present, there are 10 public sector undertaking and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the fertilizer Corporation of India.

Distribution
· Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half the fertilizers production. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Orrisa, Rajasthan. Bihar, Maharashtra. Assam, West Bengal. Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

   Cement Industry
   ·   Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
   ·   This industry ; requires bulky and heavy raw materials like lime stones, silica, alumina and gypsum.
   ·   Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
   ·   The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
   ·   After Independence the industry expanded.
   ·   Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
   ·   There are 128 large plants and 332 mini cement plants in the country.
   ·   India produces a variety of cement.
   ·   Efforts are being made to generate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain this industry.

   Automobile Industry
   ·   Automobile provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.
   ·   Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India various centers.
   ·   This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry. With global developments.

   Distribution
   ·   At present there are 15 manufacturers of passengers cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three-wheelers.
   ·   The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai. Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

   Information Technology and Elecdtronics Industry
   ·   The electronics industry covers a wide range of product from. Transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers any other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.
   ·   Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centers are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Coimbatore.
   ·   A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005. The IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years.
   ·   This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
   ·   The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Illustration 4
   (i)   What is petrochemical ?
   (ii)    Which products are manufactured from Sulphuric acid ?.
   (iii)   Where most of the organic chemical plants are located ?
   (iv)    What is the position of India in reference to the size of chemical industries in Asia and in the world ?
Solution
   (i)    The chemicals derived from Petroleum
   (ii)    Fertilizers, Synthetic fibre, plastics, adhesive, paints dyestuff.
   (iii)    Near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
   (iv)    Indian chemical industry holds third largest place in Asia and twelfth in the world.

   Try yourself
17.   Nitric acid, Alkalies , Soda Ash and Caustic Soda lies in which category of chemicals ?
18.   What are inorganic chemicals ?
19.   Which mineral compound is to be imported entirely for making fertilizers ?
20.   Which revolution led to the growth of fertilizers industry ?
21.   How fertilizers industry is distributed in India ?