Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Life of workers.

the peculiarities of industrial growth
    European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

    Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
    (i)    Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
    (ii)    The export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
 

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
    (i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
    (ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
    (iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
    (iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
    (v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
    (vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

    After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
    Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

    Small-scale Industries Predominate
    While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

    How did this happen?
    (i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
    (ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
    (iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

    Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
    (i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
    (ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
    (i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
    (ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
    (iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
    (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Industrialization in the colonies.

INTRODUCTION 
In the ninteenth century the different people started glorifying the industrial components and other inputs needed for development of industries. ET Paull music co., New York, England, 1900 produced a music book ‘Dawn of the century’ in which the image of a goddess like figure bearing the flag of 20th century has been shown with signs of progress : railway, camera machines, printing press and factory. Similarly the picture of ‘Two magicians’ was published in Inland printers on 26 Jan 1901.This topic deals with the history of industrialsation first in Britain and then in India. 

Industrialisation in the colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries.
But the finer varieties often came from India. 
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports
(i)    Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. 
(ii)    Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade - financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 

Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions
(i)    They gave advances to weavers,
(ii)    Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and 
(iii)    Carried the supply to the ports. 
At the port, big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

What happened to weavers?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. 
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

The East India Company established political power
(i)    It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. 

This it did through a series of steps.
(A) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(B)    Gomastha prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the System of advances
(i)      Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. 
 (ii)    Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. 
(iii)    They could not take it to any other trader and became permanent weavers of the company.
        
Reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. 
(i)    Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.
 (ii)    The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. 
 (iii)    They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. 
(iv)    The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation Else where.
Weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Manchester comes to India
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. 
By the beginning of the nineteenth century we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. 

In 1811-12 piece-goods accounted for 33 per cent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent
(i)    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 
Their export market collapsed, local market sharnk.
(ii)    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. 
But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of  India imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time
(i)    Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(ii)    They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton  shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
(iii)    Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine - goods weaving industries could not survive.

Illustration 9
    Mention the international trade of cotton textiles from India before the age of machine industries ?
Solution
    (i)     Armenian and persian traders took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, to eastern persia and central Asia.
    (ii)     Bales of fine textile were carried on camel back via north west frontier province, through mountain passes and across deserts.
    (iii)     From Surat in Gujarat to the gulf and Red sea ports.
    (iv)     Masulipatnam on coromandal coast and Hoogly in Bengal traded with southeast Asia.
Illustration 10
    What led to the breaking down of the trade network of Indian merchants by 1750’s?
Solution
    By 1750’s the European companies gained power by –
    (i)     Securing a variety of concessions from local courts.
    (ii)     They obtained monopoly rights to trade.

Illustration 11
    Which two port of India decayed and which ports grew? What does it symbolices?
Solution
    Ports like Surat and Hoogly decayed and ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew. It was an indicator of growing colonial power.
Illustration 12
    Who were ‘gomasthas’?
Solution
    A paid servent appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloths.

 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

Early Entrepreneurs & workers.

factories come up
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. 
Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. 
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. 

The first Indian Merchants of 19th century.
(A)    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(B)    In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
(C)    Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, earning goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 

Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. 
Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
    (i)    The jobber was an old and trusted worker. 
    (ii)    He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. 
    (iii)    The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. 
    (iv)    He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Illustration 13
    How Indians were benifitted from trade with China?
Solution
Many Indians were benifitted with trade with China by trading, providing finances procuring supplies and shipping consignment.

Illustration 14
Name few traders or beneficiaries from Chinesse trade who became industrialists?
Solution
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata, seth Hukumchand etc.

Illustration 15
What kind of economic activites were done with in India by the traders who were not directly involved in external trade?
Solution
They operated with in India, curring goods from one place to another, banking money, transfering funds between cities and financing traders. late with opportunities came up they set up factories.

Illustration 16
What happed when colonial control over Indian trade tightened? 
Solution
The space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth.

The peculiarities of industrial growth
European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Factors affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India
(i) Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) he export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

The effects of the first world war on Indian industry
(i)    The First World War created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 
(ii)    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 
(iii)    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 
(iv)    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. 
(v)    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. 
(vi)    Over the war years industrial production boomed.

After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fall dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Small-scale Industries Predominate
While factory industries grew steadily after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them about 67 per cent in 1911 - were located in Bengal and Bombay. 

How did this happen?
(i)    In the 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily. This was partly because of technological changes. By the second decade of the twentieth century we find weavers using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 
(ii)    By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. 
(iii)    There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Coarser clothes and finer varieties of clothes
(i)    The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. 
(ii)    The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as  mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Lives of Indian weavers
(i)     Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. 
(ii)     They lived hard lives and worked long hours. 
(iii)    Very often the entire household - including all the women and children - had to work at various stages of the production process. 
 (iv)    But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

Market for Goods.

Market for goods
Methods to Sell the Industrial products
 (i) One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As we know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. 
(ii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iii) But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes as in offices and middle-class apartments. 
(v)  Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 

The message very often seemed to say: 
(a) if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; 
(b) when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(c) When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Illustration 17
    In which kind of products the European managing agencies were interested.
Solution
    (i) Tea and coffee plantations.
    (ii) acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
    (iii) they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Illustration 18
    Give an example to show that Indian bussinessman began setting up industries avoiding competion with manchester goods.
Solution
    (i) Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India.
    (ii) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse, cotton yarn rather then fabric.
    (iii) When yarn was imported it was only of superior quality.
Illustration 19
    What was the impact of swadeshi movement on Indian industrialisation.
Solution
    (i) Nationalists moblised the people to boycott foreign cloth.
    (ii) Industrial groups organised them self to protect their collective interests.
    (iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other consession.
 

 

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