Chapter 4: Gender Religion and Caste

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

INTRODUCTION : 
In all the democracies of the world we find political parties which shape up the public opinion and are in competion to gain political power. The political parties are considered as vehicals of federal sharing of political power and as negotiators of social divisions in the arena of democratic politics. The topic highlights the national and regional political parties their role in the politics and their importance. The problems related to the political parties and how the political parties can be made free from these problems. This topic begins with few basic questions like why do we need political parties? How many parties are good for a democracy? It also explain different systems which we have in different part of the world i.e. one party system, Bi-party system and multiparty system.

Important terms:
 ·     Political party: Agroup of people with similar policies and programmes, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
 ·     Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party that runs the government.
 ·     Ruling party: A political party that runs government.
 ·     One - party system: In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These ae called one party system.
 ·     Two pary system: In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
·      Multi - party system: If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either            on their own or through an alliance with other.
·      Alliance/front: When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power.
 ·    Regional party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats is              recognised as a regional party/state party.
·    National party: Those parties which are country -wde parties are called national parties.
·   Defection: Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit.
·  Affidavit: An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his / her personal information.

WhY do we need political parties?    
Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most of the ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

Meaning
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve partisanship. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
A political party has three components:
 ·    the leaders
 ·    the active members
 ·    the followers

Functions
1. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their              candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA & India, members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.
2.  Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 
 Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no     government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the parties do.
A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 
A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
3.    Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.    Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want
5.    Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
6.    Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
7.    Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Necessity of Political Parties
    We need political parties because they perform all these functions. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
    We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties.
    Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
   The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they      do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government has.

Illustration 1
Why people tend to be very critical of political parties?
Solution
They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Illustration 2
How political parties are formed?
Solution
Political parties are formed when a group of people agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good and come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

National Political Parties :
There are some countrywide parties, which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’. The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party. 
A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

Indian National Congress (INC)
Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Ruling partner at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country, cutting across social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological  orientation, the party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. Supports new economic reforms but with a human face. Emerged as the largest party with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004. Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the Centre.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the south, east, the north-east and to rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal opposition party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2004, it polled about 5 per cent votes and secured 19 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India, Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Communist Party of India (CPI)
Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 
1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the country. A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.

Illustration 4
    Which two kinds of politicla parties are found in democracies that follow a federal system?
Solution
    National parties and state parties

Illustration 5
    Who registers the political parties of India?
Solution
    Election Commision

Illustration 6
    Which parties get special facilities from election commission?
Solution
    Large and established parties

Illustration 7
    Who can use the election symbol given to a party by election commission?
Solution
    Only the official candidates of the party.

State Parties :
‘State parties’. are commonly referred to as regional parties. Yet these parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with units in several state and Some of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are conscious about their State identity.
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded. No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Challenges to political parties :
Since parties are the most visible face of democracy, it is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy. All over the world, people express strong dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well. This is the case in our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 
Political parties need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy.

Lack of Internal Democracy with in Parties
All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
Dynastic Succession 
Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party.

Money and Muscle Power
The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winnning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
    
No Meaningful Choice
The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
For example, 
The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little. They agree on more fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and implemented.
In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. 
Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.