1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

1. Types of farming

INTRODUCTION 
Food is the basic requirement of the man so man started cultivation as the civilization began. So agriculture is one of the basic or primary activity. India is a large country with variety of soil and climatic conditions so there is variety in the crops and agricultural methods and practices. India lies in tropical and subtropical zones having a very long period of insolation or sunshine. Variety of soil variety of climatic conditions, makes India a rich agrarian country. In this topic we will deal with different types of farming. Agricultural seasons, crop varieties and other aspects like reforms and problems of this sector.

Important terms and concepts    
Agriculture: It is an economic activity related to cultivation of crops, animal rearing and fishing.
Blue Revolution: A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish products.
Commercial Farming: Farming in which crops are grown with the use of modern technology mainly for commercial purposes to obtain high productivity.
Gene Revolution: It refers to the production of genetically modified seeds that give higher yield per hectare which is the contribution of genetic engineering.
Green Revolution: A package programme to increase the production of food grains with the help of HYV seeds, machines, irrigation and fertilisers, etc.
 Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
Intensive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming which emphasises maximum use of minimum land.
Kharif: An agricultural season where crops are grown with the onset of rains and harvested by the retreat of the monsoon, mainly from June to September.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale single crop farming which resembles factory production. It is both labour intensive and capital intensive.
Primitive Subsistence Farming: A type of farming done on small fields using primitive tools mainly in the form of shifting agriculture.
White Revolution: A package programme meant for increasing the productivity of milk.
Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber and grown.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk is called sericulature.
Jhumming: Burning a piece of land for cultivation by the forest tribes.

India is an agriculturally important country why?
(i)    Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
(ii)    Contribution of agriculture is 22% in GDP.
(iii)    Agriculture is a primary activity, which produce most of food that we consume.
(iv)    Besides food grains, it also produce raw material for various industuries Like, Cotton, Jute, Silk etc.

Primitive Subsistence Farming
(i)     Practised in North-Eastern states on small Patches of Land with the help of Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(ii)     Done with the help of family/community labour.

Shifting
(i)     It is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ agricultural
(ii)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
(iii)    When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(iv)    This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
(v)     It in known by different names in different parts of the country like Jhumming in north-eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and                           Nagaland),  Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in bastar district of Chattishgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Now a days shifting farming is discouraged because it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Intensive Subsistence Farming
    (i)     This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
    (ii)     It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
    (iii)    Land holding size is uneconomical due to right of inheritence but the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the                       absence of alternative source of livelihood.        

Commerical Farming
    
(i)     The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical                       fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
    (ii)     Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
    (iii)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    (iv)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
    (v)     A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays, an                           important role in the development of plantations.

Illustration 1
  
 Can you name some, industries based on agriculture raw materials?
Solution
    
Sugar industry, Rubber industry, Cotton Textile, Jute industry, Silk industry, Tea industry, Coffee industry, Species etc.

Illustration 2
    Why cultivation methods have changed significantly?
Solution
    Cultivation methods have changed according to
    (a)     Characterstics of physical environment. 
    (b)     Technological know how.    
    (c)      Socio-cultural practices

Illustration 3
    On which factors the primitive subsistence farming depends
Solution
    (i)    Monsoon                
    (ii)    Natural fertility of soil
    (iii)    Suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Major crops, Cropping pattern, Technological and institutional reforms.

Cropping Pattern
    Types of Crops grown in India
    (i)     Food Crops: Rice, Wheat etc.
    (ii)     Foddar: Millets, Grasses
    (iii)     Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, hem. etc.
    (iv)     Vegetables: Potato, Tomato, Onion, Bringal, etc.
    (v)     Fruits: Mangos, Apple, Banana etc.
    (vi)     Spices and Condiments: Pepper, Cardamom, Saffron, Turmeric

Illustration 5
    Why there are different cropping patterns in India?
Solution
    Different cropping patterns depend on the differences in physical diversity and plurality of culture in India.

Illustration 6
    Which rains are necessary for the success of Rabi crop.
Solution
    Rainfaill due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Illustration 7
    Which crop has been benifitted mostly due to green revolution?
Solution
    Rabi crops specially wheat has been benefitted from green revolution.

Major Crops
    In India a variety of food and non food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
    (i) The variations in soil        (ii) Different climatic zones           (iii) Different cultivation practices
    Major crops grown in India are: Rice, Wheat, Millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute etc.

Illustration 8


(i)    Mention the states which are the major produces of Rice?
(ii)    Why most of the rice producing areas are in East?
(iii)    Which is the most popular staple food crop of India?
Solution

    (i)    East UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam Pradesh, East Tamil Nadu coastal Kerela.
    (ii)    Because this area get heavy rains due to monsoon winds and paddy is a water loving plant.
    (iii)    Rice (Paddy)

Features of Major crops
Rice 
(i)     Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)     In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
 (i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
 (ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
    
Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(i)    Which are the major wheat producing areas of India?
(ii)    In which part of India wheat is the main staple food crop?
(iii)    In which cropping season rice and wheat are produced?
Solution
 (i)    South west J & K, Punjab, Himanchal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, North Rajasthan, West UP, MP.
 (ii)    North West
 (iii)    Rice is produced in Kharif season and wheat in Rabi Season.

Features of Major crops
Rice 

(i)  Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. 
(ii)  In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
    
Geographical Condition
(i)     It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature above 25ºC
(ii)     High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(iii)     It grows in fertile soil like alluvial, Black etc.
 

Producing states
Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Wheat
 (i)     It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
 (ii)     There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country-the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
    
Geographical Condition
(i) This rabi crop requires a cool growing season sowing temperature about 10ºC to 15ºC and harvesting temperature 20ºC to 25ºC or a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 (ii)  It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(iii)  this required loamy and black soil.
    
Producing states
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP.

Millets
(i)  Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii)  These are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. 
For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. 
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and MP.
Bajra Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. 
Ragi  is a crop of dry regions. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Apart from these states. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.

Technological Reforms
The Green Revolution technological based on the use of package technology and some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture like 
(i)     Tubewells and pumps
(ii)     Tractors, trucks, trolleys, etc.
(iii)     Tillers, threshers, harvestors, etc.
(iv)     HYV seeds
(v)     Fertilisers
(vi)     New means of irrigation, like drip irrigaion and sprinklers
(vii)     Pesticides, insecticides, etc.
Institutional Reforms 
1. Collectivisation consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given pirority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some imporant steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
4.  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
5.  The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

 

Related Chapter Name