(c) The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?

The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China

The ideas of Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Boi Chau, HO Chi Minh

the communist movement and vietnamese nationalism

    The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam - when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
    In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
    In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Narn Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

    The New Republic of Vietnam
    The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. 
    This division set in motion a series of events that turned -Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death-and destruction to its people as well as the environmet.

The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition unitedunder the banner of theNational Liberation Front (NLF).
    With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about communists gaining power, USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

    The Entry of the US into the War
    From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women). Even though the USA had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties-were high. About 47,244 died in battle and 303,704 were wounded. 
    This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. 
    (i)    Thousands of US-troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time - B52s.
    (ii)    The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons - Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs-destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.
    (iii)    The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they say was as indefensible.
    (iv)    When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
    (v)    The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as a well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets.
    (vi)    Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.
    The -war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect - communist government would be established in other countries in the area. 
    They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. 

    The Ho Chi Minh Trail 
    Ho Chi Minh Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. The trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967 many North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
    The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. 
    Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnant.
    The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply lirie by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

Illustration 9
    Which were the old religius practiced in Vietnam?
Solution
    Old religious practiced in Vietnam were mixture Buddhism, Confucianism and the local practices.

Illustration 10
    What was scholars revolt of 1868.
Solution
    It was an early movement against the French control and the spread of christianity in which in a general uprising in Nghe-An, and Ha-Tien provices, thousand of catholics were killed.

Illustration 11
    Who was Phan Boi Chau?
Solution
    Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a nationalist who formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with prince Cuong Dea.

Illustration 12
    Which organisation was created by Vietnamese students in Japan and in China?
Solution
    Vietnamese students formed–
    (i) Restoration society in Tokyo, Japan.
    (ii) Restoration of Vietnamis China.

Illustration 13
    Which two cities of Vietnam are called the electrical fuses and why?
Solution
    Two cities– ‘Nghe An and Ha Tinh’ were called electrical fuses because these cities were leading miserable life. These people may play an active role in freedom movement.

    Try yourself
9.    What was ‘go east movement’?
10.    Why Japan was the main destination of Vietnamese revolutionaries?
11.    What was ‘ordinance 10’?
12.    What was HO Chi Minh Trail?