Carbon and its compounds

Sample paper

  • 1)What is catenation
  • 2)What are isomers write the isomers of butane
  • 3) What is the mean by homologous series explain with example
  • 4) What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds give two examples of each
  • 5) How many number of bonds are present in alkane alkene and alkyne
  • 6) What is the general formula of alkyl group and cycloalkanes
  • 7) Write a formula of
  • cyclopentane
  • Propyne
  •  butanol 
  • Benzene
  • 8) What are soaps explain its structure and cleansing action of soap
  • 9) what do the detergent forms when they mix and water and what is the difference between detergent and soap
  • 10) What are the products formed
  • When the flame burns with blue flame and
  • when the bus with yellow frame

11)

What is difference between combustion and oxidation

12) what do you mean by saponification explain with reaction

13) what is the eastrification give the chemical reaction and what are the products formed

14) what are addition and substitution reactions give one example of each

15) explain the tetravalency of carbon what is the reason why there are lot of carbon compounds are made by the carbon

 

Hydrocarbons

Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
For example - Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), etc.

Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are known as alkanes.
General formula = CnH2n+2 
where n = number of carbon atoms
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.
→ Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bond are known as alkenes. General formula = CnH2n 
→ Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bond are known as alkynes. General formula = CnH2n-2
Carbon Compounds based on the structure
Carbon Compounds can be classified as straight-chain compounds, branched-chain compounds and cyclic compounds. They are represented as -

https://files.askiitians.com/cdn/images/20181018-175055624-337-straight-chain-carbon-compound.png
Straight chain carbon compound
https://files.askiitians.com/cdn/images/20181018-17500915-9654-branched-chain-compounds.png
Branched-chain compounds
https://files.askiitians.com/cdn/images/20181018-1750572-1650-cyclic-carbon-compounds.png
Cyclic carbon compounds

 Functional Groups
One of the hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be replaced by other atoms according to their valencies.
The atoms which decide the properties of the carbon atoms are known as Functional Groups.
Example, Cl, Br, -OH, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid etc.

Homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group and chemical properties and in which the successive members differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass units is known as Homologous series.
Characteristic of homologous series are:

  • The successive members in homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
  • All compounds of a homologous series have the same functional group.
  • All compounds of homologous series show similar chemical properties due to the addition of same kind of functional group throughout the chain.

For example,

Homologous series of alkane is CH4 (Methane), C2H6 (Ethane), C3H8 (Propane),..

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

  • First of all, identify the number of carbon atoms in compounds. And in it identify the longest chain
  • Then the functional group can be indicated by suffix or prefix.
  • Cyclic hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo.
  • If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order
  • If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given