2. Common Things in All Acids and Bases

Hydronium ion

Hydronium ion is formed when a hydrogen ion accepts a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom of a water molecule, forming a coordinate covalent bond.

 Dilution

Dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent (usually water) to it.

It is a highly exothermic process. Strong acid or base: When all molecules of a given amount of an acid or a base dissociate completely in water to furnish their respective ions, H+(aq) for acid and OH−(aq) for base).

Weak acid or base: When only a few of the molecules of a given amount of an acid or a base dissociate in water to furnish their respective ions, H+(aq) for acid and OH−(aq) for base).

Dilute acid: contains less number of H+(aq) ions per unit volume.

Concentrated acid: contains more number of H+(aq) ions per unit volume

Common Things in All Acids and Bases:-

All acids have H⁺ ios in common

All bases have OH^- ions in common

 Acids produce H⁺ ions which  ar responsible for their acidic properties.

Acids solution in water conducts electricity.

An Acid or a Base in water solution:-

• Acids produce H⁺Ions in presence of water.
• H⁺ ions cannot exist alone , they exist as H₃O⁺ ions.

H⁺   +   H₂O  →    H₃O⁺

HCl  +  H₂O   →  H₃O⁺ +  Cl^-

Bases when dissolved in water gives  Oh^-  ions.

For Example:- 

→ Bases soluble in water are called alkali.

 → It is recommended that the acid / base should be added to water and not water. Is added to acid/ base, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns and the glass

conatiner may also break due to exessing  heating.

  → Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease of concentration of ions per unit volume. Such a process is called dilution.